Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Editor's column The upstream boom may one day come to an end, but it doesn't look like that will happen this year. Forecasts for E&P spending predict another bullish year, with global demand continuing to drive efforts to increase supply, but access to resources and deciding exactly how to spend the money remain challenges. The industry's technical-staffing shortages also may be constraining efforts to increase output. Global E&P expenditures should show another year of double-digit growth this year, according to a Lehman Brothers survey, one of the oldest and most widely followed annual upstream spending reports. The survey of 344 companies found that collective spending will rise 11% to USD 369 billion, the sixth consecutive year of double-digit increases. Excluding North America, spending will increase 16% to USD 267 billion. Some of the big spenders this year will be Total (a 25% increase in upstream spending), BP (up 21%), Shell and Hess (up 15%), and Chevron (up 7%). Other big spenders are predicted to be companies from Russia, the Middle East, and Africa, along with North American independents, which are increasingly looking outside North America for reserves. Similarly, a December survey by Citi Investment Research predicts a 9.3% increase in capital and exploration spending to USD 354 billion. Other upstream sectors also look bright. The offshore oilfield services sector is facing unprecedented levels of business, says Douglas-Westwood, an industry research firm. Companies that normally might have a 6-month backlog are now booking work for 2011, the firm says in its annual forecast. "Virtually the only place where giant fields will be found in future years is in deep water, with Brazil's recent Tupi elephant find testament to that. Douglas-Westwood expects world deepwater production to grow from 6 million BOE/D in 2007 to 11 million BOE/D in 2011," the The World Deepwater Report says. Almost USD 25 billion will be spent annually in deepwater capital expenditure by 2012, representing 30% growth for the 2008–2012 period in comparison with the previous 5 years. That is particularly driving demand for deepwater rigs, floating production systems, and subsea production hardware. "This drive to produce, what is very high-cost oil, from deep water is the oil companies’ response to declining production in offshore continental shelf areas such as the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico" as well as the lack of access to onshore reserves controlled by national oil companies, the report said. The promise of Arctic waters, with estimates of up to 300 billion BOE, has resulted in a "great subsea land claim" involving Russia, Canada, and the US, the report says. Companies may soon be struggling to keep up with global demand growth, fueled by the rapidly growing economies of China and India. Energy growth in those two countries seems to have led to the rise in worldwide energy consumption the past few years and the resultant rise in oil prices to near USD 100/bbl. Several other challenges appear on the horizon beyond the unprecedented demand growth in Asia. The issue of climate change will almost certainly affect government energy policies over the next several years. And the relationship between international oil companies and national oil companies and what that means for access to reserves and speed of project development will certainly come into play. Perhaps the most critical issue to address is the looming retirements of industry staff in the coming years and the industry's ability to find, train, and retain talent.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».