Optimized Surfactant–Polymer Flooding for Western Canadian Heavy Oils
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Chemical flooding for Western Canadian heavy oil reservoirs has gained popularity in recent years because of its satisfactory recovery efficiency and low facility cost. Formation brines in most of these reservoirs have extremely high salinity and hardness. Addition of alkali is prone to causing severe precipitation/scaling problems in both the injection/formation brinesand production facilities. As well, breaking of the emulsion generated during oil production is problematic in the presence of alkali. In order to overcome the operation/handling issues associated with alkali, an alkali-free surfactant–polymer (SP) flooding EOR method needs to be developed and evaluated. In this work, several amphoteric surfactants, which exhibit higher salinity- and hardness-resistance than common anionic surfactants, were evaluated in combination with the polymer polyacrylamide. For the crude heavy oil and brine studied, a fairly low interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.012 dyne/cm was measured at 0.1 wt% of surfactant concentration. Emulsification tests showed that the surfactant could easily generate oil-in-water emulsion in the heavy oil–brine system, while it was more difficult to form emulsion with the SP system due to its higher viscosity. Addition of the surfactant helped to slightly increase the polymer solution's viscosity, since the surfactant itself is a viscoelastic fluid. The SP system exhibited long-term stability with consistent viscosity and IFT, whereas an alkaline–surfactant–polymer (ASP) system had increased viscosity for the first 15 days due to solids precipitation in the brine and possible polymer hydrolysis. To compare the recovery efficiency by different chemical injectants, three coreflood tests were conducted using P, SP, or ASP systems. ASP flooding had the highest enhanced oil recovery (chemical injection + extended waterflood] of 25.17% original oil in place (OOIP), followed by SP flooding (24.38% OOIP) and P flooding (20.23% OOIP). However, the potential for operational problems evident with the use of alkali might restrict the application of ASP flooding. Varied oil recoveries at the chemical injection and EWF stages, as well as pressure drop variation (resistance factor), indicated that different recovery mechanisms were involved in each chemical flood. Given its satisfactory recovery results and potential to avoid operational problems, with careful optimization, SP flooding presents a promising method for heavy oil enhanced oil recovery, particularly for Western Canadian heavy oil reservoirs.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle