The Role of Supercritical Water on On-site Bitumen Upgrading System
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The role of supercritical water in upgrading bitumen is investigated by varying experimental parameters such as reaction pressure, which influences the density of water, and hydroxyl ions. Experiments were carried out using a batch reactor system operating with varying reaction pressure at a temperature of 703 K, and reaction time of 15 min. From the results such as the viscosity and the boiling point distribution of oil product etc., it can be seen that higher density supercritical water inhibits the cracking of bitumen to lower molecular weight substance. It has suggested that it is possible to obtain the product that has the desired quality in supercritical water on upgrading bitumen by adjusting reaction pressure. In the case of solvent with alkali it is found that alkali also helps to inhibit the cracking to lower molecular weight substances. Furthermore, the amount of the hydrogen became higher. It was inferred that some mechanism of hydrogen generation takes place with the addition of alkali. In experiments using a continuous flow reactor system at a temperature of 703 K, it was confirmed that higher density supercritical water also inhibits the pyrolysis. Introduction When oilsand in Canada is developed by SAGD (steam assisted gravity drainage) methods, it is necessary to combine these methods with on-site technologies for both visbreaking and upgrading. It is expected that supercritical water treatment of bitumen combined with SAGD is suitable for on-site upgrading technology because hot water can be used circularly. Supercritical water can prevent bitumen from coking unlike pyrolysis. It has been suggested that the supercritical water treatment of organic polymers such as polyethylene can generate lower molecular weight substances due to too much inhibition of pyroysis. Our previous studies have shown that bitumen could be cracked to lower molecular weight substances to remove sulfur in supercritical water with an alkali. However, the role of supercritical water as a solvent is not fully understood. The role of supercritical water in upgrading bitumen was therefore investigated by varying the experimental parameters, such as reaction pressure, that influence the density of water and hydroxyl ions in this study. Experimental Procedure Materials The bitumen used as test oil was produced by the SAGD method at Hangingstone, Alberta, Canada. Batch Reactor System The batch reactor (with an internal volume of 45 mL and composed of an internal wall of Hastelloy C) used in this study is shown schematically in Figure 1. This reactor has a highpressure valve for measuring pressure and collecting the produced gas. A typical experimental procedure was as follows: 5 g of bitumen, solvent, and a stirring ball were put into the reactor, which was then sealed. Water or KOH aqueous solution was used as the solvent. The experimental pressures were controlled by the volume of solvent. The reactor was placed in an induction furnace (Figure 2). The reactor temperature increased from room temperature at 40 K/min before becoming constant at the desired temperature. The reactor was shaken and agitated during the reaction.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».