Strategy for orchard use of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> while minimizing impact on <i>Choristoneura rosaceana</i> parasitoids
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Trials were conducted to study how spring Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki treatments on apple may be timed to maximize the survival of parasitoids of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), found in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. Orchard collections verified that second through fourth instar obliquebanded leafrollers were found in varying proportions from pink through the petal fall stage of apple development when spring B. thuringiensis treatments are applied vs. lepidopteran pests. Laboratory‐reared second through fourth instar obliquebanded leafrollers, unparasitized and parasitized by one of three native parasitoid species, were fed untreated apple leaves or leaves treated with B. thuringiensis . The highest mortality of unparasitized obliquebanded leafrollers occurred when fourth instars were exposed to B. thuringiensis ‐treated leaves; B. thuringiensis ‐induced mortality in the unparasitized second and third instars was less than 50%. The consumption of B. thuringiensis ‐treated leaves by host larvae significantly increased the percentage of dead host larvae in all parasitized and unparasitized treatments. However, because of the low susceptibility of this leafroller species to B. thuringiensis , relatively high numbers (38–43%) of three obliquebanded leafroller parasitoid species were able to survive the consumption of B. thuringiensis by second and third instar host larvae. Fourth instar obliquebanded leafrollers were found at the full bloom and petal fall stage of apple development in the orchard, at which time B. thuringiensis treatments are recommended for optimal leafroller control. The highest parasitoid mortality due to host mortality was recorded in Apophua simplicipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Macrocentrus linearis (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), when the hosts were treated as fourth instars. Both of these parasitoids emerge from fifth and sixth instar obliquebanded leafrollers. Bacillus thuringiensis did not have as negative an impact on Apanteles polychrosidis Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which emerges when the host is in the fourth instar. When leafroller mortality and parasitism were combined, the B. thuringiensis treatment did not significantly increase host elimination above that of parasitism alone, except for larvae parasitized by A. simplicipes that were in the fourth instar. The consumption of B. thuringiensis by unparasitized larvae was shown to slow larval development.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».