Steam and Gas Push (SAGP)-4;Recent Theoretical Developments and Laboratory Results Using Layered Models
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract This paper is a continuation of earlier papers on the development of the SAGP process presented at Annual Technical Meetings of the Petroleum Society. SAGP improves the thermal efficiency of SAGD by adding non-condensible gas to the steam. Significant steam savings are achieved by lowering the average temperature in the reservoir and by reducing heat loss to the overburden. Rising gas fingers increase the pressure towards the top of the reservoir and displace oil downwards even though the temperature is below that of saturated steam. The gas hold-up in the reservoir equals the volume of the produced oil, with allowance for the effects of pressure, temperature, and partial pressure of the steam. The gas in the chamber comes from the combination of added gas, solution gas, and gas generated by chemical reactions, minus gas produced with the oil and the net gas driven to or coming from outside the depleted region by pressure difference. The gas hold-up and gas dissolved were estimated and it was found that, in general, more gas is required for higher pressures. Effects of layered sands on SAGD and SAGP performance are studied experimentally using a physical model. In SAGD, steam spreads below the low-permeability layers and oil cannot drain from above until the steam vapour can penetrate to replace it. In SAGP, gas fingers rise into the low-permeability layers and displace the oil downwards below steam temperature. Mechanisms for the enhancement of oil drainage from the low-permeability layers by gas fingers are discussed together with the experimental results. SAGP continues to show promising results and it is thought that results in the field will be better than in our experiments. Introduction Several papers(1-4) have been presented on the theoretical and laboratory studies of the Steam and Gas Push (SAGP) process since it was described first in 1997 at the 48th Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society. The process improves the thermal efficiency for SAGD by adding a small amount of noncondensible gas to the injected steam. Steam condenses and leaves concentrated gas in the upper portion of the vapour chamber. As a result, only the region near the injector and producer, where the gas concentration is low, is heated to the temperature of saturated steam. The upper part of the reservoir remains at a relatively low temperature and the heat loss is low; significant steam is saved. The gas required to achieve the SAGP effect is obtained from gas dissolved in the oil, gas generated by chemical reaction, net reservoir gas flowing into the recovery region, and gas supplied from injection. In heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs, such as those in Athabasca and Cold Lake, the operating pressure for SAGD is usually higher than the initial reservoir pressure and gas injection is required. The required gas hold-up in the vapour chamber is related to the volume of oil produced, with allowances for operating pressures and temperature. To make the injected gas more effective in the chamber, the production of gas should be minimum.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».