First-year Ridge Loads on Moored Offshore Structures
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract This paper describes the background, test methodology, experiment program and analytical methods used for a project to predict the peak mooring system loads that occur when a floating offshore structure encounters a first year ice ridge. The project included the construction of simplified physical models of a Spar at 1/30 scale and a Floating Production Unit (FPU) at 1/40 scale. The Spar was a representative structure with a downward breaking cone and a vertical neck designed for operation in ice. A partial spar, consisting of the cone only was also evaluated. The Floating Production Unit (FPU) was a simplified barge. This model was tested with a rigid connection to the towing carriage and also on a representative mooring system that allowed for some compliance. The model FPU was also fitted with two load measuring panels designed to measure local ice loads on the hull. The methods of producing the model ridges and measuring their physical properties are described. Each model was tested in a range of ridge geometries from temperate to Arctic regions. The experiments were carried out in the ice tank of the National Research Council of Canada's Institute for Ocean Technology. This paper describes the first phase of experiments on the spar model completed in December 2009 and the first phase of experiments on the FPU completed in June 2010. The paper also presents the description of a parallel numerical approach to the problem, which looks at the methods needed to model the ridge-structure interaction using finite element methods. The results of the simulations and experiments are discussed in general terms. INTRODUCTION In the global search for new hydrocarbon deposits, the Arctic is once again receiving a high degree of scrutiny as it is expected that as much as 25% of the world's undiscovered reserves may be present in northern regions. World-wide demand for this energy has generated pressure to extract these resources, much of which lie beneath the sea bed. This presents a problem for many petroleum industry operators since exploration and production activities in such a harsh environment will require unique solutions to deal with the extremes of cold temperatures and large ice loads. The ice engineering challenges are great for everything that is used in the Arctic, including production equipment, emergency evacuation systems, supply vessels, floating platforms and fixed structures. In fact, even the task of installing infrastructure is more complicated by the harsh conditions found in the Arctic. The continuous interest of Total E&P and the engineering companies (Saipem, Technip, Doris, Entrepose) for the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions has lead them to begin a R&D study on the topic "Firstyear Ridge Loads on Moored Offshore Structures" through a French JIP (CITEPH, 2009).
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».