Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Many will recognize the title of this review as F. Scott Fitzgerald's famous reference to The Great Gatsby (Fitzgerald, 1995), to which Ernest Hemingway is supposed to have retorted, "Yes, they have more money."Greg Clark, it seems, is prepared to side with Fitzgerald; the rich are different from the rest of us.Clark argues that the rich possess a set of potentially inheritable traits-work ethic, ingenuity, education, and patience-that the poor do not, and the reason that England industrialized when it did (and why other nations did not) was simply the result of "good" genes.What is undeniable, and perhaps more in line with Fitzgerald's intention than Clark's, is that the set of social norms that govern the behavior of individuals varies not only from nation to nation but between different social classes within a nation as well.So the rich are different from the rest of us.The question remains however, if growth-promoting social norms of the wealthy classes come to dominate in some nations why did they not in others?As the title suggests, Farewell to Alms spans the economic history of man from roughly the beginning of the Neolithic revolution, when settled agricultural societies began, to the present, with an emphasis on the period leading up to the take-off that preceded modern economic growth.The text is divided into three sections, each addressing a specific question.The first is a detailed exploration of economic life under the Malthusian regime, the prehistoric period up to 1800.The second examines the period of modern economic growth, from the onset of the Industrial Revolution to the present day.The final, brief section discusses the causes and effects of the post-industrialization widening of global incomes.Clark's hypothesis is simple and straightforward, in keeping with the tone of this work which should be accessible to academics in a variety of disciplines, students at all levels, and non-academics alike.He proposes a tipping point theory 1 of evolutionary biology using a survival of the fittest argument: wealthy successful men produce more children that live to child-bearing age.He argues that, as a result, behaviors, such as greater work hours (diligence), higher savings rates (patience), higher literacy (the importance of education), and innovativeness (ingenuity) came to predominate over time in the nations which industrialized first, principally in England.In his view the transition from a predisposition of the wealthy class to societal norms for all classes was aided by the downward mobility of the children of the wealthy into the more common classes.The end of the eighteenth century, he suggests, is the tipping point for human economic advancement, the point at which these qualities became sufficiently prevalent in some nations as to have an overwhelming effect on living standards.Other nations, such as Japan and China, did not advance along the same trajectory despite evidence 1 A theory in which a critical point is reached beyond which change is irreversible.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».