Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract A tight gas reservoir is commonly defined as a reservoir having less than 0.1 milliDarcies permeability. Because of the very low permeability, hydraulic fracturing is usually carried out in efforts to establish commercial production. There are several basic concepts and field cases of different well tests in tight gas reservoirs in the literature. In this paper, we gather information and provide a guide to some of the most important tests. Generally because of low permeability, a well will not flow initially at measurable rates and conventional well testing cannot be applied. We review procedures for design of pre- and postfracture tests in single and dual porosity reservoirs. The prefracture test permits estimating preliminary values of reservoir permeability and initial pressure. The post-fracture test provides data for estimating fracture half length and conductivity. We also review the application of convolution/deconvolution methods to analyze well tests with significant wellbore storage. Because of economic and environmental reasons, short duration procedures are preferred. However, although effective in many instances, these methods also have their own limitations. Introduction Unconventional reservoirs (tight gas, coal bed methane, shales gas and gas hydrates) will be an important pat of the global energy mix for decades to come. Large reserves, long-term potential, costs and gas prices and some other factors account for the great influence of these resources on the future of energy. There is no formal definition for "tight gas." A commonly used definition, describes tight gas reservoirs as those having permeabilities smaller than 0.1 milliDarcies. Well testing is generally done as an aid to estimate gas in-place and recoverable volumes. Initial pressure (pi) is a critical parameter not only for estimating gas in-place, but also for determining how much field development is required and whether or not the field is overdeveloped. In addition to pi, well testing provides an estimate of permeability and skin. A problem associated with well testing in tight gas sands is that usually long times are required to reach radial flow, due to their extremely low permeabilities. Therefore, conventional well tests cannot be applied to these reservoirs. Because of initial uneconomic rates, fracturing is usually required. Lee(2) has suggested procedures for pre- and post-fracture tests design. In order to have measurable gas rates for pre-frac testing, often a breakdown with acid, KCl water or N2 is necessary.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».