Phase Properties of Mobile Oil Zone in the THAI - CAPRI Process
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Conditions prevailing in the mobile oil zone (MOZ) in the THAITM thermal recovery process are known only to a limited degree, yet such information is important for understanding how catalytic upgrading occurs in the associated CAPRI ™ process. The phase behavior of THAI pilot oil with process gas mixtures under proposed catalytic cracking conditions has been studied using WinProp (CMG). Two and three phase boundary calculations were carried out by solving an equation of state (EOS) to generate lines of constant phase mole fraction or lines of constant volume fraction (quality lines). The results are presented in pressure-temperature (P-T) diagrams, or as P-T envelope, which represent a thermodynamic boundary separating the two-phase conditions (inside the envelope) from the single-phase region (outside). The results provide some new insight into the conditions existing in the MOZ, under specific operational constraints. Introduction In the THAI ™ process in Fig. 1, the zone immediately ahead of the combustion front is a high temperature region in which coke formation occurs. Coke is laid down on the reservoir sand surface due to thermal cracking of the heavy residua resulting from vaporization of the lighter oil components. The coke zone grades into what is termed the MOZ, a region where thermal upgrading, including deposition of heavy metals, is considered to take place. It is very important to understand what the properties of this zone are, since the partially upgraded THAI oil flowing through this zone, becomes the feedstock entering the exposed layer of catalyst surrounding the horizontal producer well. The resulting state of the oil and gas mixture is critical to understanding operation of the CAPRI ™ ‘reactor’. Fig. 2 shows the expected temperature profile ahead of the combustion front, through the MOZ, and downstream into the cooler regions of the sandpack/reservoir. Observed experimental temperatures provide some indication of the possible extent of the MOZ. The actual lower temperature cutoff point in the MOZ for catalytic reactions to be significant in CAPRI ™ is not known precisely, but is probably ∼300 ° C. Catalytic reaction conversion of the partially upgraded THAI oil also depends critically on the phase state in this zone. Whether it is all gas, liquid and gas, and in what proportions? In low pressure, 3D laboratory experiments at the University of Bath, significant thermal and catalytic upgrading of Athabasca Oil Sands bitumen (7.9 °API) was observed, up to 10 to 12 °API(1). Typically, with heavy crude oils, like Wolf Lake (10.6 °API) and Lloydminster (12.2 °API) (2), there was additional catalytic upgrading of around 4–6 °API. In some experiments, the upgraded, produced oil, using standard refinery HDS catalysts, reached as high as 26 ∼28 °API, almost a light oil. In Petrobank's THAI ™ field pilot trials at WHITESANDS, Christina Lake, Alberta, thermally upgraded bitumen of 12.4 ° API has been continuously produced during the last 3 years – ever since the pilot was first started. Additionally, about 10 per cent of light condensables are also produced and these are captured separately.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».