Protecting Childrenʼs Environmental Health: Are There Any Governance Instruments?
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
MAA2-PD-01 Session Title: Children’s Health and the Environment Introduction: We sought to find governance instruments (GI), that is, laws, regulations, and guidelines, addressing specifically the issue of children's environmental health (CEH) in Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and to analyze the GIs as to type, application, goals, implementation, enforcement, and effectiveness. The ultimate purpose is to inform policy that will further Canada's commitment to children's environmental health. Methods: We searched legal databases in OECD countries, plus the websites of state, national, and supranational agencies and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) searching for GIs and grey literature (GL) related to GIs and CEH. We contacted, by e-mail, regular mail, and telephone, individuals that were knowledgeable about CEH and GIs. Our final analysis was limited to GIs specifically addressing issues of the physical environment and CEH GL was used to help us in assessing enforcement and effectiveness. Children were defined as humans from conception to the age of 18. Results: We found nearly 700 GIs, approximately 350 from Europe. Many European GIs were duplicates of Directives created by the European Union (EU) but were harmonized to country-specific legislation. Only 4 GIs (American) were found that clearly addressed in the text the unique characteristics of children and their specific needs; 2 were directives stating that the unique characteristics and needs of children must be considered in any legislation where children might be affected. We found multiple GIs with a clear CEH focus, but little emphasis on the uniqueness of children (eg, pesticide residue in infant foods), and also laws addressing issues such as air and water quality, which did not mention children in the text of the act but that clearly involved concern for child health. There were no laws addressing CEH and the indoor environment, although children spend more than 80% of their lives indoors. Some legislation was impeded because of scientific uncertainty, which, on occasion, appeared to be driven by the industry. The Precautionary Principle appeared to be applied most frequently in European legislation. Lead legislation appeared to be quite effective in reducing lead poisoning in children throughout the OECD. Discussion and Conclusions: CEH is not well-addressed for the majority of laws relating to the environment. However, children do have unique needs and, by not considering these needs, where appropriate, in legislation, puts the present and future health of the child at increasing risk. Often in GIs, data are lacking regarding the effect of environmental agents on CEH.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».