Reconstructing the architecture and sequence stratigraphy of the preserved fluvial record as a tool for reservoir development: A reality check
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Driven in part by the need for better information about fluvial systems for the purpose of nonmarine reservoir evaluation and development, much valuable work is now being conducted on modern rivers and their deposits, aided by such techniques as ground-penetrating radar. However, studies of modern and recent systems cannot address the question of the long-term preservability of the present-day deposits. Only studies of the rock record itself can explore this issue. Two separate studies of ancient fluvial systems illustrate some of the problems. A study of the Hawkesbury Sandstone (Triassic, Sydney Basin, Australia), highlighted the difficulty in interpreting the dimensions of large sand bodies from comparisons with a modern analog, even when very large outcrops are available. A seismic time-slice study of Pliocene–Pleistocene fluvial systems in the Gulf of Thailand revealed major changes in channel size and fluvial style over short vertical intervals. Braided and meandering systems (meander-belt widths 4 to >10 km [2.5 to >6 mi]) are separated by a few tens of meters of section, or less, and are interbedded with the deposits of much smaller rivers, showing straight, meandering, and anastomosed patterns. Incised valleys and underfit streams are also present. These variations can be interpreted in terms of a sequence model, but they indicate the problems that could arise from the use of a single suite of dimensional variables as input into numerical reservoir heterogeneity and flow models. Most numerical simulation models make use of sets of equations relating such parameters as channel width, depth, and sinuosity, but most such equations are generalized across the whole spectrum of fluvial styles and can be conditioned to the reality of individual reservoirs only with difficulty. The application of the principles of sequence stratigraphy to fluvial deposits is rendered difficult by the complex response to allogenic forcing that characterizes fluvial systems. Episodes of aggradation and degradation that may be used to define sequences, and their bounding unconformities in the stratigraphic record may be the result of the complex interplay of several allogenic mechanisms governing varying stream power and sediment supply, mechanisms that may be operating at different time scales and may be out of phase with each other. In developing practical solutions for reservoir development, numerical modeling and simulation may provide generalized starting points for the analysis. History matching commonly demonstrates inaccuracies in many initial models. Further progress may be made by direct study of the reservoir itself, using three-dimensional (3-D) seismic and surveillance techniques. There is a continuing role for the study of ancient analogs as providing a realistic database on the long-term preservation styles of fluvial reservoir deposits.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».