Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction FG Engineering Services BV is a private Dutch company specializing in the engineering and supply of combustion systems, including clean enclosed burners. These combustion systems are designed to meet the highest international standards. FG Engineering Services BV is a subsidiary of FG International Holding with its main office located in Eindhoven, The Netherlands. FG International has offices in Germany, Italy, Singapore, Thailand and Canada, providing maintenance-related services to the petrochemical industry as well as installation service to the telecommunications industry. WHY IS THE COMBUSTION OF WASTE GAS AN ISSUE? Various petrochemical processes, oil and gas production activities and gas purging operations create significant amounts of hazardous waste gases. These gases, mostly hydrocarbons, need to be handled in a safe and efficient manner to ensure that any hazardous situations are avoided. This implies that these gases have to be oxidized through combustion, preferably on location. Conventionally, this oxidation process is handled through the use of a flare stack. The oxidation is fully atmospheric and the resulting combustion efficiency is often less than adequate. Consequently, emissions contain unburned hydrocarbons and carbon moNOxide (CO), due to incomplete combustion. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is also formed through this type of oxidation. Since the flame temperature during conventional flaring operations is relatively high, due to hot spots common to this type of flame, NOx formation will occur more readily. Furthermore, the long flame length creates sufficient time to form NOx. NOx causes acid rain and aids in the production of ozone at ground levels, which leads to the formation of smog. There is also a large amount of radiation emitted in terms of heat and light. Steam injection, used to reduce black smoke and thermal radiation from elevated flares in Europe, creates irritating high-frequency jet-like whines and low-frequency rumbles. Inefficient combustion of a sour gas supply (gas containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S)) will create unburned hydrocarbons and H2S. This can result in an environmentally hazardous situation. In European urbanized areas, combustion processes have to be carried out at efficiencies of 99.9% or above. CLEAN ENCLOSED BURNER CEB ® DESIGN CRITERIA A few years ago, the Dutch NAM (a joint venture between Shell and Esso) approached FG to conduct a study to improve flaring. The specific objective and design criteria for this study were:No visible soot or flamesObjective zero emissionsLow noiseMinimal infra-red and heat radiationNo additional cooling or steam injection requiredSuitable for Sour Gas CombustionHigh flow rates by modular systemEasy to mobilise, install and operate Considering the above criteria, FG Engineering Services BV has developed the Clean Enclosed Burner CEB ®, a sea container sized high capacity pre-mixed surface combustion system. The CEB ®has been designed to combust essentially all hazardous combustible gases, while producing extremely low emission levels. This characteristic makes the CEB ® suitable for operating near urbanized and environmentally protected areas. The premix burning process shows a significant reduction of NOx compared to conventional flare and waste gas incineration processes. Measurements (by KW2 and Gastec, both certified bodies in Europe) indicate that NOx prod
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».