Pore Level Displacement Mechanisms During Foam Flooding
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The foam-drive process has been considered in the oil and gas industry as an enhanced oil recovery method. However, practical application of this process is rather restricted. The main limitation of foam field application is the complexity of its flow behavior in porous media. Nevertheless, the key advantage of foam over any gas drive process is that foam is less mobile than free gas, decreasing gas mobility and thus increasing oil recovery. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the foam flooding process assures substantial recovery of oil not otherwise recoverable by waterflooding or immiscible gas injection. This paper depicts a pore level visualization study, through visual observation of foam flooding in transparent etched-glass micromodels. In this study the effect of aqueous foam flooding and polymer enhanced foam flooding on residual oil recovery efficiency is evaluated. In addition, the effect of foam texture and porous media morphology on foam flood displacement performance is considered. Photographed and videotaped experimental results provide visual demonstration of high oil recovery efficiency, as a result of foam flooding. Image analysis shows that more than 90% of the residual oil in place can be recovered after waterflooding and gasflooding. Ultimately, visual observations demonstrate that foam flood displacement efficiency increases with porous media connectivity. The visualization experiments are also used to identify the pore level displacement mechanisms. Introduction The residual oil of a reservoir depleted by conventional displacement processes is retained primarily because of heterogeneity in rock permeability, pore geometry, capillary or surface properties of the solid-fluid contacts, and the relative viscosity characteristics of the fluid phases. In some areas of the reservoir a large part of the oil has been displaced, leaving globules or small discrete masses of oil. In other areas of the reservoir, oil has been bypassed and remains isolated in the reservoir body. It thus may be reasoned that to displace the residual oil, any subsequent recovery process must provide the following:means by which expulsive energy may be brought to unswept regions of the reservoir.Surface or capillary forces that cause retention of the oil must be counteracted.Viscosity effects, which permit extremely high rates of flow of the displacing medium relative to the oil flow rates, must be favorably modified.The number of flow paths available exclusively to the movement of the displacing phase must be decreased. Analysis of foam characteristics seems to indicate that injection of foam might fulfill these requirements and increase oil recovery.1 In fact, numerous experimental studies2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and field applications12,13,14 have demonstrated the foam capability as an oil recovery agent, and as a selective permeability reducing agent. Foam may be very useful in waterflooding and other oil recovery processes, where highly permeable streaks or unfavorable mobility ratios are a problem.2 In the case of waterflooding, foam decreases the permeability to water by developing a high trapped gas saturation. 2 The efficiency of miscible and immiscible gas drive methods can be improved by the foam process, since foam is less mobile than free gas. 3
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».