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Résumé
Abstract This paper evaluates the potential of applying horizontal well CSS (HW-CSS) technology to enhance heavy oil production from non-CHOPS thin pay resources in the Iron River/Manatokan area. Thin non-CHOPS heavy oil and oil sand deposits are a considerable resource. The economics for thermal operations in these deposits are hampered by the fact that they contain less oil over producing horizontal wells than do thicker deposits. A numerical model was built and simulations were performed to answer the questions: Can HW-CSS be developed to exploit "non-CHOPS" thin heavy oil resources?What is the cut-off pay thickness for an economic application of HW-CSS?How can HW-CSS be used to maximize the net present value (NPV) of oil recovery from thin heavy oil resources? The initial simulation results indicated that despite a determined effort to develop optimized operating strategies, HW-CSS cannot economically recover heavy oil when the reservoir pay thickness is less than 8 m due to excessive heat loss to the overburden/underburden. Later simulations demonstrated that the cut-off pay thickness for an economic HW-CSS process is around 11 m. With an optimized operating strategy and well spacing, and short well life, a cumulative steam-oil ratio (CSOR) under 6 m3 cold water equivalent (CWE)/m3 oil was achieved. The estimated oil recovery ranged from 30 to 50% depending on the well spacing used in the estimates (either 100 m or 75 m). For a 25 year project involving the installation of a new 8 well pad every 8 years, the internal rate of return (IRR) was estimated to be in the range of 20 - 25%. For a 1 m reduction in pay thickness (e.g. from 11 to 10 m), the cumulative oil production/m of pay thickness decreased 6 - 8% when the reservoir pay thickness was less than 11 m, decreased 1 to 2 % when the reservoir pay thickness was between 11 and 17 m, and decreased less than 1% when the reservoir pay thickness was greater than 17 m. The reservoir pay thickness of 14 m displayed the most efficient oil recovery for the reservoir pay thicknesses investigated (5 m to 20 m) although 20 m pay thickness resulted in the highest oil production. Thicker pays had a greater tendency for steam to rise because of an increased gravitational influence resulting in reduced lateral expansion. These pays required smaller well spacing for maximum oil recovery. Better reservoir conditions such as higher permeability and lower oil viscosity generally achieved better performance. However, for reservoir pay thicknesses of 5 m and 8 m, an initial dead oil viscosity of 30,000 mPa.s resulted in lower oil recovery than having an initial dead oil viscosity of 50,000 mPa.s. The reservoir with 30,000 mPa.s viscosity oil displayed faster pressure and temperature dispersion resulting in ineffective use of the dilation and dead oil re-compaction mechanism.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle