Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract A study was completed in early 2008 (IMVPA, 2008) for the US Minerals Management Service (MMS) with the objective to deliver an assessment of oil and gas technology that may be applied to cold regions of the United States Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). An overview of this study and its results are presented in this paper. This study assessed the current state of offshore technology in arctic and sub-arctic regions. The results of this assessment were used to provide insight and guidance into existing/future exploration and development technologies that might be applied on the US OCS, in particular those areas in the Beaufort, Chukchi and Bering Seas. The work covers exploration structures, bottom-founded and fixed production concepts, floating production concepts, terminals, pipelines and subsea facilities, and also touches on other technologies that might be relevant to Alaskan OCS exploration and development. Advances in harsh environment offshore exploration and production technology have made it economically and technically feasible for some projects to proceed in ice-covered waters, and additional projects may be possible in future. This study drew on a review of current state-of-practice and state-of-the-art used in, or proposed for, arctic and sub-arctic offshore development areas. Assessments of exploration and production options were primarily based on technical feasibility. As appropriate, other aspects were also considered including constructability, capital costs, environmental considerations, operations, maintenance and repair, abandonment and decommissioning. Introduction Offshore hydrocarbon exploration and production requires a bottom-founded platform, an artificial island, or a floating structure plus subsea equipment including pipeline/riser systems. Transportation of produced hydrocarbons to market is also an essential aspect of any development. An added complexity when hydrocarbon resources are located in arctic regions is the presence of first-year and/or multi-year ice during a significant part of the year. Global climate changes may also result in longer open water seasons in the future, which may lead to more significant storm events that must be considered in the design of full-field offshore development concepts for arctic regions. A number of " cold regions?? offshore developments have been carried out or are planned worldwide, including the east coast of Canada (Hibernia, Terra Nova, White Rose), Sakhalin Island (Russia), Kashagan (Caspian), Shtokman (Barents Sea) as well as in the Beaufort Sea (Northstar, PanArctic Drake). An understanding of these analogue projects, as well as those already operational or planned for the United States (e.g., Northstar and Oooguruk), can provide insight and guidance into potential exploration and development technologies that might be applied to cold regions of the United States Outer Continental Shelf (OCS).
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,006 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,570 | 0,226 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».