In-Situ Electromagnetic Heating for Hydrocarbon Recovery and Environmental Remediation
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction Thermal recovery methods, as applied in heavy oil and oil sand deposits, and in environmental remediation, have the common objective of accelerating the hydrocarbon recovery process. Raising the temperature of the host formation reduces the oil and bitumen viscosity, and, in environmental remediation, increases vapor pressure. These effects assist in sweeping the substances to be recovered from the formation when driving agents are externally injected or when autogenously processes come into play. Transferring electromagnetic energy to the deposit is proving to be an effective means of supplying the necessary heat. In this electro-thermal process electromagnetic energy is converted to heat in situ using a system of wellbore electrodes from which currents flow through the formation. By proper choice of electrode location and spacing, considerable control can be exerted over the path taken by the currents and, hence, over the temperature profiles that will develop in the formation. Electro-thermal processes are mostly free of problems related to very low initial formation injectivity, poor heat transfer, and the difficulty of controlling the movement of injected fluids and gases, which have plagued other thermally stimulated recovery processes. Most electro-thermal processes are carried out at power frequencies where the formation acts as a resistive heating element between the various electrodes. At this low frequency, current flow in the formation is primarily via ionic conduction through the water-saturated portion of the interconnected pore spaces in the reservoir. Due to the inherent geometry of current flow emanating from an electrode, current densities and heating rates are highest near the electrodes. Care must be taken lest the water in the immediate vicinity of the electrodes vaporizes and the continuous water path between electrodes is broken. Hence, power frequency heating is generally appropriate when the desired temperatures to be achieved in the formation are lower than the in situ steam temperature. A variation of power frequency heating, termed inductive heating, is achieved by placing the primary winding of a current transformer inside the casing at the bottom of the wellbore. The section of casing adjacent to the transformer acts as a single turn secondary winding. Large induced currents resistively heat the steel of the casing, and heat is transferred to the formation by thermal conduction. By increasing the frequency to multiples of the power frequency, the rate of heating can be proportionately increased. At greater frequencies however, the electrical transmission losses and capital cost of equipment will also increase. In a further variation of power frequency heating, the casing, or a section thereof, is resistively heated by the flow of large currents in the casing itself. The adjacent formation is heated by thermal conduction from the casing. This approach shows promise in the heating of long horizontal wells, with applications, for instance, in processes related to steam assisted gravity drainage or in surface mining of tar sands. All formation heating at power frequency has the inherent advantage of the ready availability of 60 Hz power and the associated apparatus, such as transformers and measurement equipment.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».