Upscaling of Oil-Water Displacement in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The objective of this study is to develop an upscaling methodology for simulation of oil-water displacement in fractured porous media. The "real response" is determined from 2-D fine grid models that explicitly incorporate given fracture distributions. The fine-grid models are used to determine equivalent properties of the fractured systems, which, when included in conventional double porosity models, will result in a behavior similar to the fine-grid response. The upscaling methodology is based on flow simulation with constant pressure and constant flux boundary conditions. The upscaling parameters of each equivalent double-porosity grid are determined by matching results of the fine grid simulation. The effects of some important factors such as the grid size of the upscaled model, injection rate, and well location are examined to test the generality and accuracy of the upscaling methodology. Introduction Geological characterization of fractured reservoirs has progressed considerably in recent years, allowing for realistic representation of fracture networks. Despite advances in reservoir simulation and computer hardware, such detailed geostatistical results cannot be used directly in the simulation of fractured reservoirs. Up-scaling techniques are needed to translate the geostatistical data into reservoir simulation parameters. There are several upscaling techniques .(1–4) used in the simulation of single-porosity reservoirs to reproduce the details of small-scale fluid mechanics and reservoir heterogeneity in coarse-grid models. However, there is no general procedure that is widely accepted for upscaling. The upscaling methods for naturally fractured reservoirs are further behind. Based on the type of fracture system, the upscaling study of naturally fractured reservoirs can be divided into two categories: the single continuum, and the dual continuum approach. For the single continuum approach (5–7), the system is considered as a heterogeneous matrix system with discrete fractures. Various methodologies, such as the boundary element and finite volume methods, are widely used to deal with complex fracture systems. Most single continuum methods consider single-phase upscaling only, and treat the upscaled permeabilities as tensor terms. The dual continuum approach (8–11) is based on the double porosity model of Warren (12) and Root, and its representation in the simulation of fractured reservoirs (13, 17). The dual continuum upscaling therefore requires determination of the properties required for double porosity simulation of the fractured system. Most of upscaling research concentrates on obtaining equivalent properties for a single-porosity simulation of afractured system. Upscaled single-porosity models do not exhibit some of the important characteristics of naturally fractured reservoirs. In particular, a singleporosity model cannot distinguish between the fluid fronts in the fracture and the matrix. The doubleporosity approach, however, includes a formulation for modeling unsteady-state multiphase fluid exchange between the matrix and the fractures. In this work, we will obtain the equivalent double-porosity parameters for oil-water displacement in a fractured porous medium. In the following, the upscaling framework, including the fractured systems used in our study, is presented first. The upscaling methodology and results are then described in detail. UPSCALING FRAMEWORK Water displacement in double-porosity systems can been visioned as multi-phase flow through fractures along with fluid transfer between the fracture and the matrix.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».