Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Labour's return to power in 1997, and the remarkable salience of international affairs in the politics of the subsequent decade, has generated a renewed interest in the historical development of the Labour Party's foreign policy. Among this recent literature R.M. Douglas's account of policy-formation in the 1940s takes a particularly fresh and perceptive look at a crucial phase in Labour's engagement with the problems of war, peace and international order. Douglas focuses on the challenge posed by the failure of the League of Nations, the military defeat of 1940, and the unpredicted outcomes of the Second World War. Although many in the Labour Party were slow to accept it, the League-oriented supranationalism of the inter-war years was no longer a viable option in 1945, and a new, more ‘realist' thinking, which was in turn modified by the onset of the Cold War, was emerging. Douglas develops a complex argument—perhaps unduly so at times—and complicates matters by offering a very narrow interpretation of ‘internationalism'. In this book, internationalism equates to Labour's thinking about international law and authority, and there is no consideration of the meaning better understood within party circles of fraternal relations with fellow socialist parties. Instead, Douglas presents a detailed study of the evolution of policy with regard to questions of international organisation (as well as some specific topics, such as colonialism and European integration), based on Labour Party and government archives and the private papers of Labour officials and policy-makers. The result is a compelling account of how Labour's idealism was gradually stripped away in favour of—by the end of the Attlee governments—a hard-nosed realism bent on upholding Britain's great power status, albeit one that worked through institutions such as the UN and NATO. As Douglas puts it, the book describes ‘the ultimate abandonment of internationalism as the distinctive ideological hallmark of the British left' (p. 5). This would give way, in the 1950s, to the proliferation of single-issue campaigns such as CND. However, one problem with a monograph such as this is that Douglas is unable to test this latter point as fully as it deserves. Had he carried the study forward, for instance, he would have encountered Tony Benn, in a diary entry for 27 March 1964, hoping that ‘there would be a big change, especially in relation to the United Nations, through which I thought a Labour Government would conduct its foreign policy more fully'. Internationalist idealism was, therefore, far from dead after 1951.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,006 | 0,012 |
| Communication savante | 0,006 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».