Building-Integrated Photovoltaics: Distributed Energy Development for Urban Sustainability

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsOwen TembyOwen Temby is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. His current research focuses on air pollution politics, sustainable energy policy, and transboundary natural resource governance.Konstantinos KapsisKonstantinos Kapsis is a PhD student at Concordia University in Montreal and a researcher under the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Photovoltaic Innovation Network. He is also linked to the NSERC Smart Net-Zero Energy Buildings Network. His research focuses on building integrated photovoltaic technologies, passive solar building design, occupancy behavior, and daylighting.Harris BertonHarris Berton is a graduate student in the School of Public Policy and Administration at Carleton University, where he is studying sustainable energy policy. His background is in public policy and administration, with a current research focus on solar photovoltaics and energy efficiency.Daniel RosenbloomDaniel Rosenbloom is a PhD student in the School of Public Policy and Administration at Carleton University. He works on the policy dimensions of sustainable energy, focusing on the transition pathways toward low-carbon energy systems in Canada.Geoffrey GibsonGeoffrey Gibson is an urban planner and consultant in Toronto. His background includes work on innovative planning and design approaches that seek to create more complete and sustainable communities.Andreas AthienitisAndreas Athienitis is a professor of Building Engineering at Concordia University in Montreal, Scientific Director of the NSERC Smart Net-zero Energy Buildings Strategic Research Network, and NSERC Hydro Quebec Industrial Research Chair. He is also a member of the NSERC Photovoltaic Innovation Strategic Network.James MeadowcroftJames Meadowcroft is a Canada Research Chair in Governance for Sustainable Development, and a professor in the School of Public Policy and Administration and in the Department of Political Science at Carleton University. His research focuses on the way governments in developed countries are meeting challenges associated with the environment and sustainability, especially in relation to climate change and energy.Notes1. T. Beatley, Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000); S. L. Cutter et al., "Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative," Environment 55, no. 2 (2013): 25–29; A. Dale, W. T. Dushenko, and P. Robinson, eds., Urban Sustainability: Reconnecting Space and Place (Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2012); W. Solecki, K. C. Seto, and P. J. Marcotullio, "It's Time for Urbanization Science," Environment 55, no. 1 (2013): 12–17.2. Additional BIPV functions listed by the European Photovoltaic Industry Association are weatherproofing, noise protection (up to 25 db sound dumping), and electromagnetic shielding (used as Faraday cage). See D. F. Montoro, P. Vanbuggenhout, and J. Ciesielska, Building Integrated Photovoltaics: An Overview of the Existing Products and their Fields of Application (Brussels, Belgium: European Photovoltaic Industry Association, 2011).3. T. James, A. Goodrich, M. Woodhouse, R. Margolis, and S. Ong, Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in the Residential Sector: An Analysis of Installed Rooftop System Prices, NREL/TP-6A20-53103 (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011).4. T. Kesik, "The Glass Conundrum," CBC, 10 November 2011, http://www.cbc.ca/toronto/features/condos/pdf/condo_conundrum.pdf (accessed 15 June 2014). See also J. Straube, "Can Highly Glazed Building Facades be Green?," buildingscience.com, 9 September 2008, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-006-can-fully-glazed-curtainwalls-be-green (accessed 15 June 2014).5. S. Roberts and N. Guariento, Building Integrated Photovoltaics: A Handbook (Basel, Switzerland: Birk-hauser, 2009); G. Bizzarri, M. Gillott, and V. Belpoliti, "The Potential of Semitransparent Photovoltaic Devices for Architectural Integration: The Development of Device Performance and Improvement of the Indoor Environmental Quality and Comfort through Case-Study Application," Sustainable Cities and Society 1, no. 3 (2011): 178–185.6. B. Norton et al., "Enhancing the Performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaics," Solar Energy 85, no. 8 (2011): 1629–64.; A. K. Athienitis, J. Bambara, B. O'Neill, and J. Faille, "A Prototype Photovoltaic/thermal System Integrated with Transpired Collector," Solar Energy 85, no. 1 (2011): 139–53.7. An additional advantage of the BIPV/T systems is that they require less building surface area to generate the same amount of heat and electricity when compared to an installation where BIPV and solar thermal collectors are separated.8. Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, "Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Collectors," in A. Sayigh, ed., Comprehensive Renewable Energy (Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 2012), 255–300; A. K. Athienitis, J. Bambara, B. O'Neill, and J. Faille, "A Prototype Photovoltaic/thermal System Integrated with Transpired Collector," Solar Energy 85, no. 1 (2011): 139–53.9. S. Bucking, A. Athienitis, R. Zmeureanu, W. O'Brien, and M. Doiron. "Design Optimization Methodology for a Near Net Zero Energy Demonstration Home." In Proceeding of EuroSun, Graz, Austria, 2010.10. Pike Research, Building Integrated Photovoltaics: BIPV and BAPV: Market Drivers and Challenges, Technology Issues, Competitive Landscape, and Global Market Forecasts (London, UK: Navigant Research, 2012).11. Executive Office of the President, Economic Benefits of Increasing Electric Grid Resilience to Weather Outages (Washington, DC, 2013), 24, http://energy.gov/downloads/economic-benefits-increasing-electric-grid-resilience-weather-outages12. For an excellent overview of smart microgrids, see D. Roberts, "What's Threatening Utilities: Innovation at the Edge of the Grid (with Dik-Diks!)," Grist, 29 May 2013, http://grist.org/article/whats-threatening-utilities-innovation-at-the-edge-of-the-grid (accessed 15 June 2014).13. For comparison, 1 gigawatt is slightly less than a single nuclear reactor. However, sun variability will mean these panels will only produce about 20% of what would be produced by a nuclear plant with the same capacity. At the same time, nuclear cannot be fired up at peak hours, while solar cannot supply "baseload" electricity that is always available.14. European Photovoltaic Industry Association, Global Market Outlook For Photovoltaics, 2014–2018, http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf (accessed 15 June 2014); K. Aanesen, S. Heck, and D. Pinner, "Solar Power: Darkest Before Dawn," McKinsey & Company, April 2012, http://www.mckinsey.com/client_service/sustainability/latest_thinking/solar_powers_next_shining (accessed 15 June 2014).15. Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/sunshot_awards_bystate_2011_09_01.pdf (accessed 15 June 2014).16. See City of Toronto, Toronto Official Plan (Toronto, Ontario, 2010); City of Toronto, Tall Buildings Design Guidelines (Toronto, Ontario, 2013); City of Toronto, Downtown Tall Buildings: Vision and Supplementary Design Guidelines (Toronto, Ontario, 2013).17. Edison Electric Institute, Disruptive Challenges: Financial Implications and Strategic Responses to a Changing Retail Electric Business (Washington, DC, 2013). For a useful analysis of the report, see D. Roberts, "Solar Panels Could Destroy U.S. Utilities, According to U.S. Utilities," Grist, 10 April 2013, http://grist.org/climate-energy/solar-panels-could-destroy-u-s-utilities-according-to-u-s-utilities (accessed 15 June 2014).18. L. Denning, "Lights Flicker for Utilities," The Wall Street Journal, 22 December 2013. The EEI report forecasts that a 10% decline in consumption due to distributed energy will result in a 20% increase in utility rates.19. M. Philips, "Arizona's New Fee Puts a Dent in Rooftop Solar Economics," Bloomberg Businessweek, 22 November, 2013, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-11-22/arizonas-new-fee-puts-a-dent-in-rooftop-solar-economics (accessed 15 June 2014).20. J. E. Altwies and G. F. Nemet, "Innovation in the US Building Sector: An Assessment of Patent Citations in Building Energy Control Technology," Energy Policy 52 (2013): 819–31; E. Mlecnik, "Opportunities for Supplier-Led Systemic Innovation in Highly Energy-Efficient Housing," Journal of Cleaner Production 56 (2013): 103–11; J. Noailly, "Improving the Energy Efficiency of Buildings: The Impact of Environmental Policy on Technological Innovation," Energy Economics 34, no. 3 (2012): 795–806; M. Ryghaug and K. H. Sørensen, "How Energy Efficiency Fails in the Building Industry," Energy Policy 37, no. 3 (2009): 984–991.21. Altwies and Nemet, "Innovation in the US Building Sector"; Mlecnik, "Opportunities for Supplier-Led Systemic Innovation in Highly Energy-Efficient Housing."22. M. Ryghaug and K. H. Sørensen, "How Energy Efficiency Fails in the Building Industry," Energy Policy 37, no. 3 (2009): 984–991.23. J. Noailly, "Improving the Energy Efficiency of Buildings: The Impact of Environmental Policy on Technological Innovation," Energy Economics 34, no. 3 (2012): 795–806.24. See R. M. Kruhlak, "A Legal Review of Access to Sunlight in Sunny Alberta," 1981, http://www.hme.ca/sdplans/A%20Legal%20Review%20of%20Access%20to%20Sunlight%20in%20Sunny%20Alberta.pdf (accessed 15 June 2014).25. J. Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage, 1992).26. D. Roberts, "Imagining Power Utilities for the 21st Century (with Slow Lorises!)," Grist, 4 June 2013, http://grist.org/climate-energy/imagining-power-utilities-for-the-21st-century-with-slow-lorises (accessed 15 June 2014).27. B. Speer, Residential Solar Photovoltaics: Comparison of Financing Benefits, Innovations, and Options, NREL/TP-6A20-51644 (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012).28. A. Gillich, "Grants versus Financing for Do-mestic Retrofits: A Case Study from Efficiency Maine," Sustainability 5, no. 6 (2013): 2827–39.29. C. Kubert and M. Sinclair, State Support for Clean Energy Deployment: Lessons Learned for Potential Future Policy, NREL/SR-6A20-49340 (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011).30. SunPower Solar Panels, Roof Tiles, Photovoltaic Systems, http://us.sunpower.com/power-plant/products-services/rooftop-solutions (accessed 15 June 2014).31. Deutsche Gesellshaft fur Sonnenenergie, Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and Engineers, 2nd ed. (London, UK: Earthscan, 2005).32. R. Baum, "Architectural Integration of Light-Transmissive Photovoltaic Systems—An Analysis at the Cell and Laminate Level," Proceedings of the UIA 2011 and 24th World Congress of Architecture, (Tokyo, Japan, 2011), 174–79.33. International Energy Agency—Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, Trends in Photovoltaic Applications Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries Between 1992 and 2013, Report IEA-PVPS T1-23:2013 (Paris, 2013), http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=trends (accessed 15 June 2014).34. First Solar, http://www.firstsolar.com (accessed 15 June 2014).35. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Research cell efficiency records, http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg (accessed 15 June, 2014).36. M. Jørgensen, K. Norrman, and F. C. Krebs, "Stability/Degradation of Polymer Solar Cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 92, no. 7 (2008): 686–714.37. R. J. Campbell, Weather-Related Power Outages and Electric System Resiliency (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012).38. J. C. Stephens, E. J. Wilson, T. R. Peterson, and J. Meadowcroft, "Getting Smart? Climate Change and the Electric Grid," Challenges 2013, issue 4, 201–16.39. P. Braun and R. Rüther, "The role of grid-connected, building-integrated photovoltaic generation in commercial building energy and power loads in a warm and sunny climate," Energy Conversion and Management 51, no. 12 (2010), 2457–66.

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