A Convenient Tracer Method for On-Site Gas Meter Proving
Pourquoi ce travail est dans la base
Une base qui oublie comment elle a trouvé un travail ne peut pas être vérifiée. Voici les voies qui ont admis celui-ci.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Errors of gas flow rate measurement in industry can result from actual operating conditions, installations or degradation of meter performance over time. An on-site (in-situ) gas meter proving method is the best way to reduce these errors, especially for large diameter pipelines in natural gas transmission and refinery flare systems. A convenient gas meter proving method, based on the radioactive tracer pulse velocity technique, will be presented in this paper. The tracer technology has been tested on 4-in and 12-in natural gas pipelines at a gas flow velocity range of 1 – 122 ft/s. The average difference is less than 1%, compared with the reference velocity of NIST-traceable mass flow rate. With the new method a small amount of radioactive isotopes is injected into the upstream pipeline, and one or more pairs of radiation detectors are placed along the line to measure the tracer time of flight, from which the gas velocity can be calculated. Different from liquid flow, gas flow frequently involves faster linear rates, shorter transit times and significant velocity changes between the measurement points. Properly designed procedures for the signal capture and analysis plays an important role in the meter proving accuracy and repeatability. A case study on application of the tracer method for proving the gas flow measurements on a large-scale refinery flare pipeline is presented. Introduction Gas flow in flare lines has been receiving greater attention due to state and federal regulatory priority for environmental protection. Gas flow measurement is a critical activity in chemical plants and refineries, but it often receives little attention. Many devices exist to measure gas flow. Some of them are of simple design and some are very complex. Some are easy to operate, while others are notorious for needing regular attention. Each design has its own degree of accuracy, which is usually associated with the cost of the device. Regardless of whether it is a simple or complex device, all flow meters have to be calibrated regularly. Manufacturers calibrate the meters at the factory facilities to known standards. The plant instrument personnel re-zero and span the meter as necessary or as scheduled. But, after installation, re-calibrating the meter has to be done one of three ways. The meter can be removed and sent back to the manufacturer, or a calibrated meter can be installed in a by-pass arrangement so the calibrated meter can check the flow to see if the installed meter is correct. In the third method, the flow through the in-situ meter can be measured with a tracer gas and compared to the meter reading. This paper will present a pulse velocity method based on injection of a radioactive isotope into the gas flow(1). The method has been tested on a commercial-scale calibration facility. The average difference is less than 1%, compared with the reference velocity of NIST-traceable (National Institute of Standards and Technology) mass flow rate. Pulse Velocity Method Direct flow measurement through an in-situ meter has been available for many years.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle