Low Field NMR Water Cut Metering
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Enhancing oil extraction from oil sands with a hydraulic fracturing techniquehas been widely used in practice. Due to the complexity of the actual process, modelling of hydraulic fracturing is far behind its application. Reproducingthe effects of high pore pressure and high temperature, combined with complexstress changes in the oil sand reservoir, requires a comprehensive numericalmodel which is capable of simulating the fracturing phenomenon. To capture allof these aspects in the problem, three partial differential equations, i.e., equilibrium, flow, and heat transfer, should be solved simultaneously in afully implicit (coupled) manner. A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical fracture finite element model isdeveloped to incorporate all of the above features. The model is capable ofanalyzing hydraulic fracture problems in axisymmetric or plane strainconditions with any desired boundary conditions, e.g., constant rate of fluidinjection, pressure, temperature, and fluid flow/thermal flux. Fractures can beinitiated either by excessive tensile stress or shear stress. The fractureprocess is simulated using a node-splitting technique. Once a fracture isformed, special fracture elements are introduced to provide in-planetransmissivity of fluid. Effectiveness of the model is evaluated by solvingseveral examples and comparing the numerical results with analytical solutions.The model is also used to simulate large-scale laboratory hydraulic fracturingexperiments. Introduction Hydraulic fracturing technique has been a fast growing technology since itsfirst application in 1947. By 1988, more than one million hydraulic fracturingtreatments had been performed(1), and today this technique is one ofthe most important methods in enhancing oil extraction from wells. Hydraulicfracturing in oil and reservoirs plays an even more important role. Due to lowtemperature and low permeability of oil sand deposits and high viscosity ofbitumen, oil is virtually immobile(2). Hence, any attempt for insitu oil extraction should employ one of the following techniques: cyclic steamstimulation, in situ combustion, or hydraulic fracturing. Despite the fact that hydraulic fracturing technology has advancedsignificantly over the past fifty years, our ability to model the process hasnot changed as rapidly. As a matter of fact, this technique has been sosuccessful that in the past, designing the treatment with a high degree ofprecision was not of any interest. ut as the industry moved towardsapplications of very high volume/rate, and highly engineered and sophisticatedhydraulic fracturing treatments, the demand for more rigorous designs in orderto optimize the procedure have become more important. On the other hand, without a thorough understanding of the physical process and the factors thatare involved, our ability for an optimal design is limited. Modelling fluidflow combined with heat transfer in the reservoir has been used by the industryfor a long time, and the fracturing process was often designed based ontwodimensional closed-form solutions, such as Geertsma-deKlerk(3), or GdK in brief, and Perkins-Kern(4) and Nordgren(5), or PKN.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».