Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Foamy oil solution gas drive mechanisms are complex and our knowledge and understanding is limited despite extensive studies in the literature. In order to advance our understanding of heavy oil solution gas drive mechanisms, long core depletion experiments were designed. These experiments were performed on sand-filled or glass bead-filled tubes that are x-ray transparent and have pressure transducers along their length. The novelty of the experiments is the length that they extend (over 18 m) and the duration of the experimental runs. The results of the longer experiments should be able to provide data that bridge the gap between the field scale and the shorter laboratory experiments that have been performed in the past. Thus, production, pressure transient and saturation data are presented in this 'extended' scale. In ddition, CT scanner images are expected to provide information about the evolution of gas. Introduction Cold production, or more elaborately, Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS), has been tried in unconsolidated or weakly consolidated sands as a non-thermal stimulation process in which both sand and oil are produced together in order to enhance oil recovery. The oil production process is also typified by the formation of a so-called foam(1) as a result of gas exsolution and dispersion of tiny gas bubbles with limited growth in size. An intriguing observation is that the resulting foamy oil flow seems to greatly enhance oil production rates with high primary recovery factors despite the high oil viscosity. There have been many explanations put forward for interpreting such a phenomenon; namely sand production, retardation of reservoir pressure decline, enhancement of absolute permeability and high critical gas saturation. This paper looks into some of the above-mentioned issues by exploring numerically the inter-relationship between sand production, sand failure and foamy oil flow during the enhancement of oil production in a non-thermal process such as CHOPS. The Model There has been a series of papers published by the authors on the topic of sand production modelling(2–4) in conjunction with geomechanical issues and, recently, foamy-oil flow(5–7). These form the basis and frame of reference for the modelling effort reported in this paper. The avid reader seeking details of formulation and computer implementation is thus directed to the above-mentioned references. In view of providing some background for the subsequent discussions, the main features of the sand production, foamy oil flow and geomechanics models are summarized in the next subsections. Formulation Basically, we are faced with a porous medium which is multiphasic in character consisting of gas (bubbles), oil, fluidized solids and solid phases. The oil contains dissolved gas which is liberated as the pressure drops below bubble point through gas exsolution, and thereby enters into the gas phase. For continuum mechanics modelling purposes, all above-mentioned phases are homogenized through a mathematical artifice within the theory of mixtures(8) (see Figure 1). As such, mass balance equations can be written for each phase, and thereafter supplemented with two constitutive equations to FIGURE 1: Representative Element Volume: discontinuous phases and homogenization. Available in Full Paper
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».