Preserving soil and crop resources by increasing cropping intensity and decreasing tillage
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Soils perform many essential functions for plant growth, water storage, and water and air quality. Future generations depend on our crop and soil management practices to maintain or improve the soil’s ability to perform these essential functions while providing the food and fiber needed by society. Unfortunately, many soils have been degraded1 because we either did not understand the negative effects of certain management practices or we lacked better alternatives. In recent years, scientific research, farmer innovation, and new commercial technologies have allowed improved soil management in many regions. In spite of this progress, additional improvements in soil management will be required to restore and then maintain the functional capacity of the soil resource. The Great Plains of Canada and the US is a major agricultural region producing sorghum, corn, wheat, and other small grains. This productive region is also highly susceptible to the vagaries of climate and destructive natural forces, such as those that gave rise to the Dust Bowl in the 1930s. The continental climate of the Great Plains and western Corn Belt is characterized by highly variable precipitation and temperature, both within and among years. Farmers who settled in this region, utilizing practices developed in more humid regions, experienced a high incidence of crop failure. In order to survive in the harsh, erratic environment of the Great Plains, different management practices were needed. Crop–fallow was developed as a practice to reduce the risk of crop failure due to water stress by allowing soil water to accumulate during the fallow period for use by the subsequent crop. Crop–fallow, using intensive tillage for seedbed preparation and weed control, soon became the dominant practice throughout the region. While the incidence of crop failure declined, the loss of organic matter, susceptibility of soil to wind and water erosion during the fallow period, development of extensive saline seeps, and the need for two growing seasons to produce a crop led many to conclude that crop– fallow was not a sustainable system. As herbicides and minimum tillage implements became available, research was initiated throughout the region to develop more intensive cropping systems that kept the land under crops every year. Initial results from these studies demonstrated that annual yields and economic returns were greater with more intensive cropping2. In addition, wind erosion was reduced and precipitation use efficiency increased3. The impact of more intensive cropping on the soil resource was difficult to assess as changes in many soil properties occur slowly.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».