In Reply to Avalanche Triage

In reply to the letter by Dr Ken Zafren, we take this opportunity to resolve any confusion with the use of the Avalanche Survival Optimizing Rescue Triage (AvSORT) algorithm.1Bogle L. Boyd J. McLaughlin K. Triaging multiple victims in an avalanche setting: the Avalanche Survival Optimizing Rescue Triage (AvSORT) algorithmic approach.Wilderness Environ Med. 2010; 21: 28-34Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar On February 1, 2003 in backcountry Canada, 2 mountain guides watch with horror as an avalanche engulfs and buries a school group of 17 participants below them.2Stethem C. Piche M. Winter 2003 in southern BC—perspective, recognition, management.http://www.avalanche.org/∼issw2004/issw_previous/2006/proceedings/data/papers/117Google Scholar, 3Boyd J. Wylie K. Avalanche triage.Avalanche.ca. 2008; 83: 64-67Google Scholar, 4Canadian Broadcasting CorporationWorst case scenario.http://archives.cbc.ca/environment/natural_disasters/clips/9936/Google Scholar They immediately realize their priority for rescue is to uncover as many victims as possible prior to the onset of asphyxia. They “cannot save everybody”4Canadian Broadcasting CorporationWorst case scenario.http://archives.cbc.ca/environment/natural_disasters/clips/9936/Google Scholar but must focus on “the greatest good for the greatest number.”5Waeckerle J.F. Disaster planning and response.N Engl J Med. 1991; 324: 815-821Crossref PubMed Scopus (188) Google Scholar, 6Arnold T. Cleary V. Groth S. Hook R. Jones D. Super G. START. Newport Beach Fire and Marine Department, Newport Beach, CA1994Google Scholar, 7Kennedy K. Aghababian R.V. Gans L. Lewis C.P. Triage: techniques and applications in decision making.Ann Emerg Med. 1996; 28: 136-144Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (153) Google Scholar, 8Hodgetts T. Porter C. Major Incident Medical Management and Support: The Practical Approach. 2nd ed. BMJ Publishing Group, London2002Google Scholar, 9Mackersie R.C. Field triage, and the fragile supply of “optimal resources” for the care of the injured patient.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006; 10: 347-350Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 10Kahn C.A. Lerner E.B. Cone D.C. Triage.in: Koenig K.L. Schultz C.H. Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine: Comprehensive Principles and Practices. Cambridge University Press, New York2010: 174-183Google Scholar, 11Sasser S. Field triage in disasters.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006; 10: 322-323Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar They decide, as 2 rescuers, they will only dig enough to allow resumption of breathing, to clear airways, and to hand responsive victims their own shovels for self-extrication before moving on. They recognize that to stop and attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on any one asphyxiated victim will seriously compromise the survival of other victims still buried. The first victim, recovered in the first 5 minutes, is the school teacher who calls on his satellite phone for outside organized rescue. As the avalanche debris sets up “like concrete,”4Canadian Broadcasting CorporationWorst case scenario.http://archives.cbc.ca/environment/natural_disasters/clips/9936/Google Scholar victims who are not buried too deep are uncovered while deep burials are passed over due to the pressure of time. One victim goes on, after fully extricating himself, to locate and uncover 3 of his classmates, resulting in their survival. The first rescue helicopter lands after 55 minutes and of the 17 buried victims 10 survive. The rational action of the 2 mountain guides is credited with the survival of the majority of these victims in this mass casualty avalanche incident.3Boyd J. Wylie K. Avalanche triage.Avalanche.ca. 2008; 83: 64-67Google Scholar, 4Canadian Broadcasting CorporationWorst case scenario.http://archives.cbc.ca/environment/natural_disasters/clips/9936/Google Scholar The development of our proposed AvSORT algorithm is a result of this and other similar incidents that we cite in the text of our article. This algorithm is designed for the “initial management of mass casualty avalanche incidents when manpower is overwhelmed.”1Bogle L. Boyd J. McLaughlin K. Triaging multiple victims in an avalanche setting: the Avalanche Survival Optimizing Rescue Triage (AvSORT) algorithmic approach.Wilderness Environ Med. 2010; 21: 28-34Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar We must re-emphasize this. By comparison Dr Zafren cites an incident in which 3 helicopters with 15 rescuers, 2 emergency physicians, and 2 dog handlers are on scene for 2 buried victims, 1 of whom survives.12Oberhammer R. Beikircher W. Hormann C. et al.Full recovery of an avalanche victim with profound hypothermia and prolonged cardiac arrest treated by extracorporeal re-warming.Resuscitation. 2008; 76: 474-480Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar This would never be considered a mass casualty avalanche incident and it would be highly inappropriate to apply our proposed AvSORT algorithm to this event. We must re-emphasize “it is not designed for situations where resources allow for standard resuscitation and treatment of all extracted individuals, such as in the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom) ALS algorithm.”1Bogle L. Boyd J. McLaughlin K. Triaging multiple victims in an avalanche setting: the Avalanche Survival Optimizing Rescue Triage (AvSORT) algorithmic approach.Wilderness Environ Med. 2010; 21: 28-34Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar As stated above, our AvSORT algorithm is derived from experience in the, fortunately few, mass casualty avalanche incidents and by merging concepts from the START6Arnold T. Cleary V. Groth S. Hook R. Jones D. Super G. START. Newport Beach Fire and Marine Department, Newport Beach, CA1994Google Scholar, 7Kennedy K. Aghababian R.V. Gans L. Lewis C.P. Triage: techniques and applications in decision making.Ann Emerg Med. 1996; 28: 136-144Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (153) Google Scholar, 8Hodgetts T. Porter C. Major Incident Medical Management and Support: The Practical Approach. 2nd ed. BMJ Publishing Group, London2002Google Scholar, 9Mackersie R.C. Field triage, and the fragile supply of “optimal resources” for the care of the injured patient.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006; 10: 347-350Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 10Kahn C.A. Lerner E.B. Cone D.C. Triage.in: Koenig K.L. Schultz C.H. Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine: Comprehensive Principles and Practices. Cambridge University Press, New York2010: 174-183Google Scholar, 11Sasser S. Field triage in disasters.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006; 10: 322-323Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar algorithm and the ICAR MedCom ALS algorithm.13Brugger H. Durrer B. Adler-Kastner L. Falk M. Tschirky F. Field management of avalanche victims.Resuscitation. Oct 2001; 51: 7-15Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar We acknowledge there are no with-control outcome data for our AvSORT algorithm. Likewise, although the use of the START algorithm has been documented in the September 2001 World Trade Center attack and many other high-profile mass casualty events, “there are no data in these descriptive papers regarding whether the system was used correctly or improved outcomes.”10Kahn C.A. Lerner E.B. Cone D.C. Triage.in: Koenig K.L. Schultz C.H. Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine: Comprehensive Principles and Practices. Cambridge University Press, New York2010: 174-183Google Scholar The ICAR MedCom algorithm, which was originally proposed in 2001 and which we and Dr Zafren cite, has only recently been analyzed in a systematic literature review.14Boyd J. Brugger H. For avalanche victims in cardiac arrest (P), what factors when present (I), compared with when absent (C), are associated with/predict an increased survival to hospital discharge (O)?.Advanced Life Support Worksheets—Special Circumstances. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, Dallas, TX2010http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3065168Google Scholar, 15Boyd J, Brugger H, Shuster M. Prognostic factors in avalanche resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation. In press.Google Scholar These three valuable tools have been derived from descriptive accounts and should be scrutinized with future experience but would unlikely be examinable by prospectively designed controlled trials. However, they have not been developed in a “data vacuum.” The prime value of companion rescue to avoid asphyxia from prolonged burial is undoubted16Hohlrieder M. Thaler S. Wuertl W. et al.Rescue missions for totally buried avalanche victims: conclusions from 12 years of experience.High Altitude Medicine and Biology. 2008; 9: 229-233Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar and is the principle embodied in the AvSORT algorithm. In this we agree with Dr Zafren, but we disagree with his statement that “increased rescue capabilities have not increased survival,” as the advent of companion equipment such as transceivers and avalanche airbags along with improved companion rescue training has had a major impact on survival.17Hohlrieder M. Mair P. Wuertl W. Brugger H. The impact of avalanche transceivers on mortality from avalanche accidents.High Alt Med Biol. 2005; 6: 72-77Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar, 18Brugger H. Etter H.J. Zweifel B. et al.The impact of avalanche rescue devices on survival.Resuscitation. 2007; 75: 476-483Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar, 19Brugger H. Should strategies for care of avalanche victims change?.CMAJ. 2009; 180: 491-492Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar Although we would agree that organized rescue is, by comparison, limited in success,16Hohlrieder M. Thaler S. Wuertl W. et al.Rescue missions for totally buried avalanche victims: conclusions from 12 years of experience.High Altitude Medicine and Biology. 2008; 9: 229-233Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar we are not aware that increases in organized rescue performance have been demonstrated to have no impact, as this has not been systematically examined. Dr Zafren's “problem” with our recommendation, when manpower and other resources increase, to evacuate “more severely injured patients to an accredited Trauma Center”1Bogle L. Boyd J. McLaughlin K. Triaging multiple victims in an avalanche setting: the Avalanche Survival Optimizing Rescue Triage (AvSORT) algorithmic approach.Wilderness Environ Med. 2010; 21: 28-34Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar where feasible overlooks our next sentence “due to transportation limitations, individuals may be transported to the nearest healthcare facility for stabilization and initial treatment.”1Bogle L. Boyd J. McLaughlin K. Triaging multiple victims in an avalanche setting: the Avalanche Survival Optimizing Rescue Triage (AvSORT) algorithmic approach.Wilderness Environ Med. 2010; 21: 28-34Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar His statement that “trauma centers are often beyond the range of helicopter transport at all” is inaccurate for many if not the majority of avalanche incident locations and is awkward when followed with “in the case of apneic hypothermic patients, the most appropriate destination hospital may not be a trauma center but should be a center capable of performing cardiopulmonary bypass.” Certainly, all hypothermic avalanche victims in cardiac arrest who are recovered with a core temperature of less than 32°C and a patent airway and without unsurvivable injuries should be transported for extracorporeal rewarming when feasible.13Brugger H. Durrer B. Adler-Kastner L. Falk M. Tschirky F. Field management of avalanche victims.Resuscitation. Oct 2001; 51: 7-15Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 15Boyd J, Brugger H, Shuster M. Prognostic factors in avalanche resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation. In press.Google Scholar In the majority of cases this transport will be, at least in part, by air. We maintain that our proposed AvSORT algorithm is applicable for the “initial management of mass casualty avalanche accidents where manpower is overwhelmed.” We agree that future use of the tool should be examined critically, as with any proposed strategy. We could conclude by stating: “An asphyxiated unresponsive apneic bird in the hand is not worth 10 in the bush.” However, to misuse a simple proverb does not do justice to the complexity of a mass casualty incident nor the valiant efforts of brave rescuers making rational decisions. Avalanche Triage: Are Two Birds in the Bush Better Than One in the Hand?Wilderness & Environmental MedicineVol. 21Issue 3PreviewIn a previous issue of Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, Bogle, Boyd, and McLaughlin discuss a proposed triage algorithm for use in avalanche incidents in which the number of victims exceeds the capacity of the rescuers to give optimum treatment to each victim.1 They claim that this algorithm, which they call “AvSORT,” will help rescuers “rapidly identify those that will benefit from limited resources.” Full-Text PDF

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