Rediscovery and Range Extension of the Stalk-eyed Fly, Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diptera: Diopsidae) in Colorado and Wyoming
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This paper reports on recent collections of the stalk-eyed fly, Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch in northeastern Colorado during 2010 and northwestern Wyoming during 1990. The Wyoming record extends the distribution of this family westward by almost 1200 km, and is the first confirmed record of the species in that state. For many years it was thought that only a single species of Diopsidae, S. brevicornis (Say, 1828), occurred in North America with S. subbifasciata as a synonym (Sabrosky, 1965; Peterson, 1987). However, Feijen (1989) recognized S. subbifasciata as a valid species. Fitch (1855) described S. subbifasciata originally from Illinois. Feijen (1989) subsequently recorded S. subbifasciata from southeastern Canada south to Maryland, west to South Dakota and Colorado. During an insect biodiversity survey of the Soapstone Prairie Natural Area (SPNA) in northeastern Larimer Co., Colorado a single female specimen of S. subbifasciata was collected on 3 October 2010 by the first author. Previously the only other Colorado specimens known were five specimens from Fort Collins, Colorado collected in 1895 (Feijen, 1989). This specimen of S. subbifasciata was collected by sweeping emergent stream and streamside vegetation, primarily Mentha species and grasses, along Spottlewood Creek in the SPNA, located 40 km north of Fort Collins. The Wyoming record of S. subbifasciata, a single male, was collected by the noted dipterist, Professor Robert Lavigne, while sweeping vegetation by Crayfish Creek, in Yellowstone National Park, Teton County, Wyoming. This specimen was collected on 14 June 1990. This specimen extends the known range of S. subbifasciata approximately 1200 km westward from Grand Forks, North Dakota and Kansas City, Kansas to Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. We provide photographs (Fig. 1) of S. subbifasciata to facilitate identification and to encourage others to collect this interesting and uncommon fly in Rocky Mountain region. Currently, only ten specimens are known from this region including the recent collections in Colorado and Wyoming (Table 1). In North America, the family Diopsidae is represented by two species, S. subbifasciata and S. brevicornis. Feijen’s (1989) revision provides an excellent discussion of the family; unraveling the early synonymy, misspellings and historic misidentifications. He provided illustrations of the morphological characters of these species, a diagnostic key and listed examined material by states. Recent and past collection records show that specimens of S. subbifasciata are few and widely dispersed in Rocky Mountain states. We hypothesize that the unique Yellowstone habitat contains many warm springs and streams that may provide diopsids with protection from low winter temperatures and strong prairie winds. These flies are known to be poor fliers (Lavigne, 1962), but warm springs may provide good protection until adults could emerge in spring and disperse in summer. This behavior is consistent with that described for the closely related S. brevicornis (Flint, 1956; Hochberg-Stasny, 1985) and the geographically distant, but also closely related S. hearseiana Westwood from Bangladesh and India (Feijen, 1989). We do not know how they survive winters in northeastern Colorado unless they find protection in rock crevices, under rocks or wide bark of the few plains cottonwoods (Populus sargentii Dode) along the banks (Flint 1955, Lavigne, 1962) of Spottlewood Creek.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».