Upscaling of Kinetic Parameters for Simulation of Reactive In Situ Bitumen Recovery
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Successful simulation of bitumen recovery processes such as in situ combustion or reactive gravity drainage at the Alberta Ingenuity Centre for In Situ Energy (AICISE) would require detailed knowledge of the kinetic parameters for the chemical reactions involved. It is known that the direct use of laboratory-obtained kinetic data for modeling of reactive systems in petroleum reservoirs often introduces error. It is therefore necessary to establish the scale dependency of reaction constants for field-scale simulation of reactive recovery processes. Although case-specific techniques for definition of reaction parameters in reservoir simulation applications have been proposed, a general framework for upscaling of reaction kinetics is not well established. We applied volume averaging technique to establish the relationship between upscaled reaction parameters and the grid block length scale and other system parameters. A case study involving simulation of in situ combustion with different grid block sizes is discussed where the upscaled kinetic parameters are determined through direct matching of fine grid and course grid solutions, followed by a proper extrapolation to field-scale gird block sizes. Introduction Modeling of transport phenomena and chemical reaction in porous media often requires scaling up the process from the micro (pore) scale to the macro (continuum) scale. This "upscaling" would make it possible to develop workable and effective models which would not require detailed knowledge of complex pore space and geometry within the porous medium. Volume averaging and homogenization are the main upscaling techniques used. The concept of upscaling discussed in this paper is related to that implemented by the volume averaging technique, although the goal is not to develop macroscale transport equations. Rather, the objective is to modify the reaction kinetics measured in the laboratory so a field-scale reservoir simulation could be performed. This upscaling is necessary because the direct use of laboratory-obtained knowledge in modeling of reactive systems in natural environments often introduces errors. For example, chemical reaction rates are usually measured in well-mixed lab systems designed to eliminate mass transfer limitations. However, in natural porous media such as petroleum reservoirs, reactions occur in individual pores with various physical and chemical properties. Heterogeneities of such systems can produce mass transport limitations and result in spatial variations in concentration, affecting the overall reaction rates. Equally important is the question of how to select a grid block size that provides reliable results when simulating chemical reactions in petroleum reservoirs. As an example, consider a grid block of 100 m which includes a 10-meter long reaction zone. The concentration changes in the reaction zone will be much larger than that happening in the rest of grid block where only diffusion or convection is active. For numerical solution with a finite difference scheme, the entire grid block will be assigned an averaged value of species' concentration. This average concentration, based on which the reaction rate is calculated, depends on the size of grid block which makes the simulation results highly dependant on the length scale. It is therefore necessary to establish the scale dependency of reaction rates for field-scale simulation of relevant processes in petroleum reservoirs.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».