Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The dozen essays in this well-edited volume provide a well-balanced and geographically extensive introduction to the current state of scholarship on the relation between town and country in late medieval and early modern Europe.As that relation is not altogether obvious, however, the essays also summarize a historiography in search of definition: was the connection between town and country principally economic and demographic, or was it cultural and political?The essays indicate connections on each of these axes.The problem of developing a generalizable history of the relation between town and country between 1300 and 1800, therefore, lies not in failing to identify its principal dimensions, but in failing to develop coherent narratives of events that logically lie within them.For while the cultural, economic, and political aspects of that relation were interrelated, they were nevertheless sufficiently independent of each other to support independent chronologies in their own right.A few examples drawn from the essays illustrate the problem.In most of post-medieval Europe, towns were juridically distinguished from the countryside by laws and customs regulating the ownership of real property, the personal status of the inhabitants, and the institutions of local government.The content and the source of these jurisdictional distinctions varied from region to region, as did their medieval and early modern histories.In eastern and in much of central Europe, many urban "freedoms" of this type were eroded by the extension of seigniorial jurisdiction after 1450; in northwest Europe and in parts of Spain and Germany, they were extended to the countryside.This aspect of the relation between town and country, which is clearly connected to the history of personal freedom, is first and foremost a legal history, and is thus usefully studied through chronologies of legal documents and legal categories, which, while varying enormously from place to place, deal with a common set of issues.A related aspect is the varying geometry of local monopolistic rights to carry on specific trades, including the all-important trade of trading itself.The economic efficiencies resulting from concentrating transactions at a single point meant that such activities were initially located in towns.Much of the documentation bearing on the relation between town and country thus concerns disputes over the extent and ownership of such rights.Small towns competed for the right to hold local markets; burghers struggled to keep the exclusive rights of trading and handicrafts for themselves; seigneurs wanted to extend the right to trade and manufacture to rural subjects whose earnings they could tax.The state, where one existed, mediated between these competing demands by granting rights to the highest bidder.The economic logic of such confrontations is obvious and universal.The way it played out historically, however, varied greatly.As with the essentially legal history of personal status, the detailed history of the geometry of market and monopolistic privileges is most coherently written as an independent narrative.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,044 | 0,009 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».