United States Arctic Ocean management & the Law of the Sea Convention
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This paper will provide a brief overview of the international and domestic law and policy that provide the framework for the management of Arctic Ocean resources off the coast of Alaska by the United States. There will be a general discussion of the international legal framework set forth by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) as applied to the U.S. management in the Arctic Ocean, including the delicate balance of rights and interests in particular the right of navigation, research and exploration and the right of U.S. exercise of coastal State jurisdiction. To provide the proper international legal context for this discussion, the paper will first provide an overview of the work of the U.S. Baseline Committee which is the decision-making body in the U.S. Government that determines the Baseline from which the limits of all U.S. maritime zones are measured, including a discussion of the U.S. work on its project collecting data regarding the seaward limit of its continental shelf consistent with Article 76. It will also provide a brief overview of the depiction of the limits of the territorial sea, contiguous zone and Exclusive Economic Zone on the official nautical charts of the United States that are produced by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. The United States, Canada, Denmark, Norway and Russia are all interested in determining the limits of their respective continental shelves in the Arctic Ocean. Russia was the first to submit a claim defining its interests in 2001. While the United States has not ratified the Law of the Sea Convention, it is working on collecting the data required for determining the limit of its continental shelf under Article 76 of UNCLOS. The paper will briefly discuss this work including the cooperation between the United States and Canada in the survey and research of their respective continental shelves in the Arctic Ocean. Climate change is having dramatic effects; most notably there is a significant melting of Arctic sea ice in the summer months. This is resulting in new access to ships to explore and exploit resources of the Arctic Ocean and new routes of navigation that may provide more economical and efficient trade and commerce. There is a growing concern over these trends, and the U.S. anticipates an increase in human activity, shipping, and energy development, among other things. These new activities will undoubtedly have significant impacts on the Arctic environment. Increased activity may have other consequences as well. The U.S. is reviewing its Arctic policy and focusing on these changes and their implications for national and homeland security, the mapping of our continental shelf, energy exploration, environmental protection, and conservation of natural resources. This paper addresses how U.S. policies regarding management of its resources in the Arctic Ocean are in a manner consistent with customary international law as reflected in UNCLOS. Finally, cooperation among Arctic states in multilateral organizations will also be a key component of protection of the marine environment and the management of shipping in the Arctic.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,006 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,071 | 0,042 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».