Floral Biology and Seed Production in Cultivated North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Morphological characteristics of flowers, duration of flowering, degree of self-pollination, and extent of berry and seed production in North American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.) were studied under controlled environmental conditions as well as under field conditions. A comparison was also made between plants of 3 and 4 years of age at two field locations. The duration of flowering was ≈4 weeks and was similar in plants of both age groups grown in the two environments; however, 4-year-old plants produced an average of 40% more flowers (≈100 per plant in total) compared to 3-year-old plants. Flowers were comprised of five greenish-colored petals, five stamens, and an inferior ovary consisting of predominantly two fused carpels and stigmatic lobes. Anthers dehisced in staggered succession within individual flowers, and flowering began with the outermost edge of the umbel and proceeded inwards. At any given time during the 4-week flowering period, ≈10% of the flowers in an umbel had recently opened and were producing pollen. Stigma receptivity was associated with separation of the stigmatic lobes; this occurred at some time after pollen release. Growth of pollen tubes through the style in naturally pollinated flowers was most evident when the stigmatic lobes had separated. The proportion of flowers that developed into mature berries (pollination success rate) was in the range of 41% to 68% for both 3-year-old and 4-year-old plants. However, when the inflorescence was bagged during the flowering period, berry formation was increased by 13% to 21% in 4-year-old plants, depending on location. A majority of the berries (92% to 99%) contained one or two seeds in an almost equal frequency, with the remaining berries containing three seeds. In 4-year-old plants, the frequency of two-seeded berries was increased by ≈13% by bagging the inflorescence. These observations indicate that P. quinquefolius is highly self-fertile and that several physiological and environmental factors can affect seed production.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».