Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Since its inception in 1947, GATT has governed the trade-related aspects of investment measures, while leaving other aspects of investment policy to national discretion. On the other hand, as a result of UR Negotiations, the TRIMs Agreement deal with a matter directly investment policy. The TRIMs Agreement left no doubt that it applies to investment measures related to trade in goods only, such as the required use of domestic content in preference to imported goods. But the agreement's scope lie many policies and restrictions that discourage investment as well as inhibiting trade. An Annex to the TRIMs Agreement now clarifies that violations of the TRIMs Agreement can take the form of investment incentives and inducements, as well as mandatory restrictions, and that trade balancing as well as local content requirements are prohibited. In WTO system, the TRIMs issue has especially been relevant to the automotive industry. The automotive sector in both developing and developed countries is often the subject of special trade and investment restrictions, from import quotas and voluntary restraints to local content rules and other forms of investment incentives and requirements. In 1996, along with 'Brazil-automobiles case', Indonesia's automotive investment measures attracted the first WTO cases filed under the TRIMs Agreement. This dispute concerns a series of measures maintained by Indonesia with respect to motor vehicles and parts and components thereof. In this case, after finding that the measures in question were inconsistent with Article 2.1 of the TRIMs Agreement, the pane! determined that, based on the principle of judical economy, It did not have to address the claims under Article 3.4 of the GAIT. But the attitude of the Indonesia-auto panel is different from that of subsequent case's panel. In 'India-Auto case', hke the 'Canada-Automotive case', after finding that the measures in question violated Articles 3.4 and 11.1 of the GAIT, the panel applied the principle of judical economy and concluded that It was not necessary to analyse the measures under the TRIMs Agreement. Because of this approach, the Indonesia-auto panel become the focus of criticism. But, although 'Indonesia-Automobiles case' did not result in either strong and effective WTO discipline on special TRIMs, it is true that, on the point that to treat directly the TRIMs, this case is significant dispute in WTO system.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,028 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».