Cultural and Ethnic Identities of Inuit in Canada
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Résumé
Since the l960s, ethnicity has been one of the central concepts in social sciences (fbr example, see Barth 1969; Bentley 1987; Banks 1996; Sollors 1997; Kim 2000: 78). An important topic related to the study of ethnicity is the problem of ethnic identity. As human beings have multiple identities, ethnic identity is one of many identities of a person or group. This paper is concerned with identities of the contemporary Inuit in Canada. In the late 1990s, approximately 15 percent of Canadian Inujt liyed in urban centers in southern Canada (Kishigami 1999a; 1999b; 1999c). Thus, in order to understand the identities of Canadian Inuit, we need to include the study of the identities of inuit living both in arctic villages and in southern cities of Canada. As fatr as my knowledge of studies on identities of the inuit and Yirpiit is concemed, we have not clearly distinguished between cultural identity and ethnic identity. We have had a tendency to focus on either of the identities or to have confused them. While Fienup-Riordan (1983), Wenzel (1991; 2001), Nuttall (1992), and Omura (1998; 2002) are primarily concerned with several aspects of cultural identity in arctlc peoples, Kishigami (1992; 2002), Briggs (1997), and Stewart (1998; 2002) mainly deal with aspects of ethnic identity. We find some gaps between Inuit life in the arctic and discourse in the political arena. Dorais and Briggs attempt to account for the gaps. Dorais (1994) employs the concept of cultural identity, which is related to but differeRt from that of ethnic identity. Briggs makes a distinction between cultural traits deriving from the daily life of Inuit and emblems, which are chosen as emotionally charged markers by Inuit from the cultural traits (Briggs 1997: 228). It seems to me that the traits are connected to cultural identity and the emblems to ethnic identity. ln this papeg I will explain that while Inuit living in arctic villages are reproducing their cultural identity through daily socio-cultural practices in inuit appropriate ways, they seldom express their ethnic identity in their daily life. In almost a reverse situation, many urban Inuit except those who come down south as adultsi, have difficulty sustaining their cultural jdentity in multi-ethnic sjtuations but majntain their ethnjc identjty as a wall against other ethnic people. I will emphasize that there is a difference between being an lnuk and being a member of the lnuit people, using data from research in Akulivik and Montreal of Canada.
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|---|---|---|
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