Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction Since the first report of the derivation of embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in 1998, (1) ethical debate has raged around hESC research. The primary, if not exclusive, concern raised in relation to hESC research is the inescapable reality that this research results in the destruction of embryos. Stem cell research is not the only type of research performed using embryos, and it is not the only focus of those who object to the use of embryos in research. (2) But because stem cell research holds enormous promise in terms of its potential clinical applications, and because it is often linked in the public consciousness with somatic-cell nuclear transfer (roughly synonymous in the lay understanding with cloning), it has become a flash-point at the intersection of science, medicine and ethics. Human embryos are inevitably destroyed in hESC research. Those who oppose embryo research because they ascribe full moral status to the embryo therefore take the view that such research is ethically impermissible. Those who hold that embryos do not share the same moral status as persons, but do have heightened moral status compared to other tissues or biologic matter, are prepared to permit stem cell research, but insist that as few embryos as possible be destroyed in the process. (3) Many who hold this view also oppose the creation of embryos solely for research purposes, meaning that such research is acceptable only insofar as it uses embryos that are supernumerary to the reproductive needs of those for whom they were created. (4) But even among those who do not agree that embryos deserve special treatment, morally speaking, ethical unease has been expressed around the use of embryos in stem cell research. Concerns around the commodification of gametes and embryos, and the related worry that women's reproductive capacity and reproductive material will be exploited have been articulated. (5) Questions have also been raised about who decides what research is worth pursuing and about the use of public funds to support research into what are likely to become very expensive therapies, possibly available only to the privileged few. (6) In spite of these concerns, many nations, including Canada, have decided to pursue a research agenda that includes hESC research. In light of the fact that such research is permissible, we must consider the process by which those who will donate embryos to the pursuit of hESC research will provide consent. In this paper, I consider the unique ethical issues that arise in hESC research. I then discuss consent policy in relation to subjects research generally, and look to existing Canadian policy regarding consent to hESC research (the Guidelines for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Research (7) and the Assisted Human Reproduction Act), (8) with a view to critiquing consent policy. I also reflect on the subject of consent to the donation of fresh embryos to research, given the national attention this matter has received. Finally, I conclude by suggesting points for discussion at the workshop for which this background paper has been written. 1. Stem Cell Research and Human Subjects Research Regulation of research involving subjects is of relatively recent vintage, having originated as an outcome of the Nuremberg trials that followed the Second World War. (9) The aim of regulation of research using subjects is to attempt to find the elusive balance between permitting the conduct of scientifically sound, potentially beneficial research and ensuring that subjects are treated in an ethically appropriate manner during their participation in research. Two important mechanisms employed to safeguard the interests of research subjects are the requirement of consent to research and mandated research ethics board (REB) review. In this paper, the focus will be on the former. Research using tissue is considered human subjects research. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,020 | 0,042 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,008 | 0,005 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,053 | 0,014 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».