William Standish Knowles (1917–2012)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Bill Knowles passed away on June 13, 2012 at his home in Chesterfield, Missouri at the age of 95.His Nobel Prize brought the importance of industrial and applied chemistry to the forefront.William was born on June 1, 1917 in Taunton, Massachusetts and grew up in nearby New Bedford.His father was the owner of a cotton mill and he could have gone into the family business but didnt want to do that.He was educated at private schools and thinking that he was too young to go to college, spent a year at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he won the Boylston prize (US$ 50) in chemistry.After this, Knowles went to Harvard where he specialized in organic chemistry, even though his ability to do mathematics had led his advisors to suggest a physical chemistry pathway.Louis Fieser was the main influence in the move to organic chemistry.He obtained his AB degree in 1939.Bill obtained his PhD from Columbia University in 1942, working on steroid chemistry with Robert Elderfield.While performing one experiment, which required the distillation of diazomethane, he had an explosion that destroyed a hard-fought intermediate and he had to remake it.The war aided the short time to get his degree.He then joined the Monsanto Company at their facility in Dayton, Ohio, moving to St. Louis in 1944.The reason he chose Monsanto was because it was the farthest west of the companies that offered him a job.Chemists were in short supply during the war.The work at Monsanto covered many topics, starting with the manufacture of hexamethylenetetramine for the explosive cyclonite and mite repellents, and benzyl benzoate for soldiers clothing.Another project involved the synthesis of vanillin from catechol, and this was to have an influence later in Bills career, even though this chemical route was superseded by an isolation of lignin from paper waste.He also studied a manufacturing route to the antibiotic chloramphenicol, which was taken off the market because of aplastic anaemia developing in a few patients.However, this did not stop him from mixing some of this antibiotic with an ointment of other drugs that were being administered to his dog suffering from a fungal infection.The dog was better in two days and lived to be 17.Monsanto also looked at the synthesis of cortisone, and Bill was nominated to join this effort from his PhD work on steroids.This allowed him to return to Harvard and work in the labs of Professor R. B. Woodward, whom he grew to admire for his encyclopedic knowledge of chemistry and ability to look at problems from new angles.The first manufacturing project Bill had that involved a hydrogenation was the reduction of .
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,152 | 0,092 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».