Cutting Efficiency of a Single PDC Cutter on Hard Rock
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits have gained wide popularity in the petroleum industry for drilling soft and moderately firm formations. However, in hard formation applications, the PDC bit still has limitations, even though recent developments in PDC cutter designs and materials steadily improves PDC bit performance. The limitations of PDC bits for drilling hard formations is an important technical obstacle that must be overcome before using the PDC bit to develop competitively priced electricity from enhanced geothermal systems, as well as deep continental gas fields. Enhanced geothermal energy is a very promising source for generating electrical energy and, therefore, there is an urgent need to further enhance PDC bit performance in hard formations. In this paper, the cutting efficiency of the PDC bit has been analyzed based on the development of an analytical single PDC cutter force model. The cutting efficiency of a single PDC cutter is defined as the ratio of the volume removed by a cutter over the force required to remove that volume of rock. The cutting efficiency is found to be a function of the back rake angle, the depth of cut and the rock property, such as the angle of internalfriction. The highest cutting efficiency is found to occur at specific back rake angles of the cutter based on the material properties of the rock. The cutting efficiency directly relates to the internal angle of friction of the rock being cut. The results of this analysis can be integrated to study PDC bit performance. It can also provide a guideline to the application and design of PDC bits for specific rocks. Introduction PDC bits have gained popularity in drilling for petroleum due to its long bit life together with its ability to maintain a high rate of penetration (ROP). The shearing action induced by fixed cutters has shown to be more efficient for penetrating rock than the crushing effect of the teeth or inserts on the rolling cones of a roller bit(1–4). However, PDC bits have traditionally had limitations when encountering hard formations(5). Therefore, PDC bits are not yet preferred for hard formations encountered with mining, petroleum or geothermal energy. Enhanced geothermal energy, i.e., geothermal energy from considerable (+3 km) depths, is seen as one of the promising energy sources in the U.S.(6) Deep continental gas developments also suffer from a low rate of penetration and high bit wear for wells drilled. The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical model to study the cutting efficiency of PDC bits in hard rock formations which can improve the future design of PDC bits and, thereby, improve the cost efficiency of wells in hard formations. PDC Bit Most PDC bits are composed of a hard matrix body which is milled out of a solid block of steel. The matrix body is milled out in such a shape that the bits contain blades where the actual PDC cutters are 'glued' or 'braced' on, and open areas where the cuttings and mud flow can escape to the annulus (Figure 1).
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».