Observations on Indian Scientific Innovation Output
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
ABSTRACTInnovation has been referred to as the process by which value enhancement is planned and achieved for the benefit of society. Industrial innovation is comprised of several factors which constitute the input, process, and output dimensions of the innovation process. Industrial innovation has been assessed via several indices and primarily by patents and research and development (RD Eveleens, 2010; Greer and Lei, 2011). Innovation has been defined as a '... process by which varying degrees of measurable value enhancement is planned and achieved, in any commercial activity' Knowledge 2007: 6). This process which may be breakthrough or incremental, and it can occur systematically or sporadically in an organization. The innovation process can be achieved by: (a) the introduction of new or improved goods or services, (b) the implementation of new or improved operational processes, or (c) the implementation of new or improved organizational and administrative processes. The final outcome can result in the improvement of market share, competitiveness, and the quality of the product/services that are produced by an organization. An associated benefit of the innovation process can be reduction in costs.In this paper, we focus on the status of innovation in India. We assess innovation using two metrics drawn from the literature: patents and R&D intensity. We cite reports which have used these metrics for analyzing the extent of innovativeness of various Indian sectors such as in drug and pharmaceutical sector, manufacturing sector. We argue that the results indicate that India is lagging behind many developed and developing nations in terms of successful innovation. We develop new measures which we argue can be helpful for identifying suitable policy interventions which can, in turn, enhance the dissemination of the value of innovation at all levels of a society. In India, most research and educational programs are carried out by the government through its various institutes, universities and public sector organizations. It is therefore imperative that the government and its institutions take an active role in improving India's innovativeness. Appropriate policies and programs to address these issues are identified in this paper, developed and implemented by the government in conjunction with industry and academia which can contribute to an ecosystem conducive to innovation in India.Innovation in IndiaIndustrial innovation includes new products, processes, operations, marketing and sales techniques, manpower management, resource allocation, and the development of new specific know-how etc. (National Knowledge Commission, 2007). Each of these types of innovations alone or in combination represents areas where an organization can innovate in order to achieve competitive advantage. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».