Educational Technology at a Crossroads: Examining the Development of the Academic Field in Canada.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction James Finn once stated, educational future will belong to those who can grasp the significance of instructional technology (Finn, 1964). Finn's visionary remark embodies the promise and potential of Educational Technology in the 21st century as it did over forty years ago. Early efforts to conceptualize Educational Technology and its development originated in the maturation of the audio-visual movement in education and instructional training programs beginning in the First World War (Reiser, 1987). In the 1970s and 1980s, the evolving academic field of Educational Technology was recognized as complex and multi-faceted. Davies (1978) ascribed three levels of evolution in the field of Educational Technology corresponding to a tool level (Educational Technology I), systematic level (Educational Technology II), and a systemic level (Educational Technology III). By the end of the 1980s, Beckwith (1988) described the field at the systematic level (Educational Technology II) state of evolution (Beckwith, 1988). Beckwith (1988) envisioned the future evolution of the field where the creation of unified approach at the systemic level (Educational Technology III) would transform learning while operating within the confines of a systematic level (Educational Technology II). In Beckwith's view, the field of Educational Technology appeared to be focused on the survival of the systematic level (Educational Technology II) at the expense of the realization of a unified approach at the systemic level of evolution (Educational Technology III). According to Pals and Plomp (1989), the tools approach is centered on physical media developed to assist in the teaching/learning process, the systematic focused on processes, used for developing, designing and evaluating instruction, and the systemic approach has a philosophical and holistic orientation for contextualizing, analyzing and solving problems through a consideration of as many facets and their interrelationship as possible. The holist commitment to the whole as being greater than the sum of the parts entails that individuals are part of the system in which they observe and, therefore, cannot achieve complete knowledge of the whole. The systemic approach is aligned with postmodernist perspectives and new paradigms in Educational Technology (Hynka, 1994, Luppicini, 2005; Yeaman, Hlynka, Anderson, Damarin, & Muffoletto, 1996). Ongoing efforts to conceptualize the evolving field of Educational Technology have spurred debate and given rise to a growing body of literature focusing on the state of the field, key challenges, and possible future developments (Beckwith, 1988; Clark, 1978; Heinich, 1984; Hlynka & Nelson, 1985; Mitchell, 1989; Silber, 1970, 1978; Torkelson, 1987). Also, an entire issue of the Canadian Journal of Educational Communication (1989) was dedicated to debates covering the future of the field. This is partly due to the nature of applied fields like Educational Technology where multiple knowledge bases are employed (Luppicini, 2005). Luppicini (2005) noted that the development of new knowledge in this applied field causes shifts in thinking and introduces change in multiple knowledge bases, this, multiplying change and compounding difficulties in reaching any unified perspective. However, for the purpose of this study, the definition of Educational Technology follows Luppicini's (2005) conceptual study of the field: Educational Technology is a goal oriented problem-solving systems approach utilizing tools, techniques, theories, and methods from multiple knowledge domains, to: (1) design, develop, and evaluate, human and mechanical resources efficiently and effectively in order to facilitate and leverage all aspects of learning, and (2) guide change agency and transformation of educational systems and practices in order to contribute to influencing change in society. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,006 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,011 | 0,027 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,028 | 0,006 |
| Communication savante | 0,010 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,005 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,010 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».