Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Some "alternates within alternates" are studied and possible improvement of our energy policies are explored.The viability of a hydrogen fuel economy is reviewed.Methanol, ethanol or ammonia versus hydrogen is one area of interest.Others include liquid hydrogen versus jet fuels, the use of geothermal, solar, wind or water energy for production of hydrogen gas versus development of deep earth supplies of natural gas is another.Energy enhancement as opposed to energy conservation is investigated with regard to polar climate and what might be done to improve natural energy balances, particularly in the northern hemisphere.Pumping Arctic Ocean water out into the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait would be an energy debit as opposed to energy gains such as biomass conversion of future plant growth throughout the Siberian and Canadian tundra regions and presently very arid desert regions, improved access to northern region fuel, metal ore and mineral resources, year-round shipping and fishing fleet operations in the Arctic Ocean and development of the tremendous Greenland hydroelectric power potential. VIABILITY OF A HYDROGEN FUEL BASED ECONOMYImpending energy problems were foreseen at least since World War II but some 12 years ago people everywhere were forcefully reminded as to what happens when fuel for a worldwide energy systems economy becomes scarce.This happened when the price of crude rose in frequent spasmodic jumps from $2 per barrel to $34 a barrel and more during the 1970's.It was held that natural gas was in even shorter supply and official USA policies accepted the end of natural gas as dogma.Many people believed nuclear fission plants would be our salvation even though nuclear fuel was scarcer than oil and its costs rose whenever the cost of oil rose.Also fission plants generate electricity which furnishes l/3 of our energy but not liquid or gaseous fuels needed for the other 2/3 of our energy consumption.Others said not to worry we would go back to coal which can be fired in thermalelectric plants and also converted to fuel oil and/or combustible gases.Coal is more plentiful than crude oil and its price increases did not keep up with rising costs of crude oil and uranium during this period.On the other hand air pollution is a major problem in burning coal and flue gas scrubbers are expensive.Up to 2 pounds of coal are needed to obtain either 1 pound of fuel oil or 1 pound of combustible gas.These considerations led to mass reviews of alternate energy sources.Hydro-electric power had languished with the advent of cheap thermal fuels and nuclear fission.Most sites close to load centers were well utilized or quite small.Extraction of energy from tidal eagres, -wave action, thermal gradients or saline gradients at sea remains in its infancy.Many large hydropower sites even at maximum distances from load points are being developed.Many more such as in Alaska and Greenland are still too far from load points.Many older *Work supported by the Department of Energy, DEAC03-76SF00515.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,006 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,007 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,004 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,118 | 0,015 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».