Lipid-mediated release of GLP-1 by mouse taste buds from circumvallate papillae: putative involvement of GPR120 and impact on taste sensitivity

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signaling modulates sweet-taste sensitivity in the mouse. Because circumvallate papillae (CVPs) express both GLP-1 and its receptor, a local regulation has been suggested. However, whether dietary lipids are involved in this regulation, as shown in the gut, is unknown. By using a combination of biochemical, immunohistochemical, and behavioral approaches, the present data i) confirm the role of GLP-1 signaling in the attraction for sucrose, ii) demonstrate that minute quantities of long-chain FAs (LCFAs) reinforce the attraction for sucrose in a GLP-1 receptor-dependent manner, iii) suggest an involvement of the LCFA receptor GPR120 expressed in taste buds in this system, and iv) support the existence of a regulation by GLP-1 of the lipid sensing mediated by lingual CD36. Therefore, oro-sensory detection of LCFAs may affect sweet and fatty taste responsiveness by controlling the secretion of lingual GLP-1. This regulatory loop, probably triggered by the LCFA-GPR120 interaction, might contribute to the high palatability of foods rich both in fat and sugar. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signaling modulates sweet-taste sensitivity in the mouse. Because circumvallate papillae (CVPs) express both GLP-1 and its receptor, a local regulation has been suggested. However, whether dietary lipids are involved in this regulation, as shown in the gut, is unknown. By using a combination of biochemical, immunohistochemical, and behavioral approaches, the present data i) confirm the role of GLP-1 signaling in the attraction for sucrose, ii) demonstrate that minute quantities of long-chain FAs (LCFAs) reinforce the attraction for sucrose in a GLP-1 receptor-dependent manner, iii) suggest an involvement of the LCFA receptor GPR120 expressed in taste buds in this system, and iv) support the existence of a regulation by GLP-1 of the lipid sensing mediated by lingual CD36. Therefore, oro-sensory detection of LCFAs may affect sweet and fatty taste responsiveness by controlling the secretion of lingual GLP-1. This regulatory loop, probably triggered by the LCFA-GPR120 interaction, might contribute to the high palatability of foods rich both in fat and sugar. Substantial evidence supports the existence of a specific detection system devoted to the oro-sensory perception of dietary lipids in both rodents and humans. Long-chain FAs (LCFAs) are the main molecules detected by this system and are thought to play a significant role in the spontaneous preference for fatty foods (1Fukuwatari T. Shibata K. Iguchi K. Saeki T. Iwata A. Tani K. Sugimoto E. Fushiki T. Role of gustation in the recognition of oleate and triolein in anosmic rats.Physiol. Behav. 2003; 78: 579-583Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar, 2Chale-Rush A. Burgess J.R. Mattes R.D. Evidence for human orosensory (taste?) sensitivity to free fatty acids.Chem. Senses. 2007; 32: 423-431Crossref PubMed Scopus (177) Google Scholar). The plasma membrane glycoprotein CD36 has been the first plausible candidate identified to exert the function of a lipid sensor in the oral cavity (3Laugerette F. Passilly-Degrace P. Patris B. Niot I. Febbraio M. Montmayeur J.P. Besnard P. CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions.J. Clin. Invest. 2005; 115: 3177-3184Crossref PubMed Scopus (501) Google Scholar). Indeed, it displays a very high affinity for LCFAs (4Baillie A.G. Coburn C.T. Abumrad N.A. Reversible binding of long-chain fatty acids to purified FAT, the adipose CD36 homologue.J. Membr. Biol. 1996; 153: 75-81Crossref PubMed Scopus (185) Google Scholar), is specifically found in the gustatory papillae in rat (5Fukuwatari T. Kawada T. Tsuruta M. Hiraoka T. Iwanaga T. Sugimoto E. Fushiki T. Expression of the putative membrane fatty acid transporter (FAT) in taste buds of the circumvallate papillae in rats.FEBS Lett. 1997; 414: 461-464Crossref PubMed Scopus (206) Google Scholar), mouse (3Laugerette F. Passilly-Degrace P. Patris B. Niot I. Febbraio M. Montmayeur J.P. Besnard P. CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions.J. Clin. Invest. 2005; 115: 3177-3184Crossref PubMed Scopus (501) Google Scholar), or human (6Simons P.J. Kummer J.A. Luiken J.J. Boon L. Apical CD36 immunolocalization in human and porcine taste buds from circumvallate and foliate papillae.Acta Histochem. 2011; 113: 839-843Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar), and ablation of CD36 gene expression renders mice unable to recognize and prefer LCFAs in a textured solution during two-bottle preference tests (3Laugerette F. Passilly-Degrace P. Patris B. Niot I. Febbraio M. Montmayeur J.P. Besnard P. CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions.J. Clin. Invest. 2005; 115: 3177-3184Crossref PubMed Scopus (501) Google Scholar, 7Sclafani A. Ackroff K. Abumrad N.A. CD36 gene deletion reduces fat preference and intake but not post-oral fat conditioning in mice.Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007; 293: R1823-R1832Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar, 8Martin C. Passilly-Degrace P. Gaillard D. Merlin J.F. Chevrot M. Besnard P. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e24014Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar). In human subjects, the common single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1761667, known to reduce CD36 gene expression (9Love-Gregory L. Sherva R. Schappe T. Qi J.S. McCrea J. Klein S. Connelly M.A. Abumrad N.A. Common CD36 SNPs reduce protein expression and may contribute to a protective atherogenic profile.Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011; 20: 193-201Crossref PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar), is also associated with a deep attenuation of orosensory sensitivity for fat (10Pepino M.Y. Love-Gregory L. Klein S. Abumrad N.A. The fatty acid translocase gene, CD36, and lingual lipase influence oral sensitivity to fat in obese subjects.J. Lipid Res. 2012; 53: 561-566Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (213) Google Scholar). Two unrelated members of the G protein-coupled receptor family, the free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1, also termed GPR40) and GPR120, have also been recently identified as playing a role in the spontaneous preference for fat in the mouse (11Cartoni C. Yasumatsu K. Ohkuri T. Shigemura N. Yoshida R. Godinot N. le Coutre J. Ninomiya Y. Damak S. Taste preference for fatty acids is mediated by GPR40 and GPR120.J. Neurosci. 2010; 30: 8376-8382Crossref PubMed Scopus (312) Google Scholar). Such a function is probably indirect for FFAR1, inasmuch as it is not found in taste buds in rat (12Matsumura S. Mizushige T. Yoneda T. Iwanaga T. Tsuzuki S. Inoue K. Fushiki T. GPR expression in the rat taste bud relating to fatty acid sensing.Biomed. Res. 2007; 28: 49-55Crossref PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar) and human (13Galindo M.M. Voigt N. Stein J. van Lengerich J. Raguse J.D. Hofmann T. Meyerhof W. Behrens M. G protein-coupled receptors in human fat taste perception.Chem. Senses. 2012; 37: 123-139Crossref PubMed Scopus (170) Google Scholar) and is not systematically detected in circumvallate papillae (CVPs) in the mouse (8Martin C. Passilly-Degrace P. Gaillard D. Merlin J.F. Chevrot M. Besnard P. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e24014Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar, 11Cartoni C. Yasumatsu K. Ohkuri T. Shigemura N. Yoshida R. Godinot N. le Coutre J. Ninomiya Y. Damak S. Taste preference for fatty acids is mediated by GPR40 and GPR120.J. Neurosci. 2010; 30: 8376-8382Crossref PubMed Scopus (312) Google Scholar), in contrast to GPR120. This last observation raises the question of the respective role(s) played by CD36 and GPR120 in the coding mechanisms for fat taste at the periphery. The fact that CD36 expression is subjected to a short-term lipid-mediated downregulation in mouse taste buds during food intake, whereas GPR120 gene expression remains unchanged (8Martin C. Passilly-Degrace P. Gaillard D. Merlin J.F. Chevrot M. Besnard P. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e24014Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar), is consistent with distinct functions. A biological action for GPR120 was first identified in the entero-endocrine L cells, in which its activation by LCFA triggers the secretion of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (14Hirasawa A. Tsumaya K. Awaji T. Katsuma S. Adachi T. Yamada M. Sugimoto Y. Miyazaki S. Tsujimoto G. Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120.Nat. Med. 2005; 11: 90-94Crossref PubMed Scopus (1148) Google Scholar). In addition to its insulinotropic effect, GLP-1 exerts multiple physiological functions, including a role in the regulation of eating behavior (15Baggio L.L. Drucker D.J. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP.Gastroenterology. 2007; 132: 2131-2157Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2605) Google Scholar). GLP-1 and its receptor have also been identified in mouse taste an involvement of this incretin in the of taste B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). with this it has been shown that GLP-1 signaling modulates taste sensitivity in the taste but the responsiveness to sucrose B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). However, mechanisms by which this regulation are not evidence supports the existence of a the for the and of and of from taste buds and entero-endocrine common lipid express and respective receptors and are to involved in behavior gustatory and A of that from to that of the gut to the of the oro-sensory and with this the of the present was to whether GPR120, and GLP-1 are in the as found in the gut, and to the impact of a regulatory system on sweet and fatty taste for the and of and by the of and in a and from to and a mice from CD36 M. Abumrad N.A. K. W. A in CD36 an role in fatty acid and Biol. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar) and N. Drucker D.J. but in mice with a in the glucagon-like 1 receptor Med. 1996; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar) mice with a CD36 and mice in the behavioral Two in a manner, a a two-bottle preference A or an solution a that in a manner, a and an solution and a preference in which and This of a mouse to the or solution to the of on using a and for the which the of the a to the of mice subjected to In a first mice subjected to a a solution of or a an solution of sucrose of acid or acid for mice the for an and in The of was in the In a mice subjected to a or a sucrose, of or of in In a mice subjected to a or of in In data for 1 from the first to subjected for to a a of of in for 1 Because was in to and mice subjected on to to A solution and solution was on The of the the or the was to the of of solution was for the of the and preference for the the on and the was from or mice to (3Laugerette F. Passilly-Degrace P. Patris B. Niot I. Febbraio M. Montmayeur J.P. Besnard P. CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions.J. Clin. Invest. 2005; 115: 3177-3184Crossref PubMed Scopus (501) Google Scholar). In the lingual was from by and in 1 1 and papillae a the papillae was also to as in and at or protein or in of mice and at in an or of a GPR120 of the was and the GLP-1 was by have that secretion of GLP-1 by might very to GLP-1 in the of GLP-1 systematically in but not in to the In A was to the to GLP-1 in with and by with the respective receptors and the to J.P. and gene expression in with a PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). In to a of in human GPR120 mouse GPR120 or rat GPR120 was also in of human GPR120 to of the human GPR120 receptor to the This solution of was at a of and at for in with the in the and at for in GPR120 or for to the at a and was using a with to or using a to from and was using was using the was by from of by of with the using gene from the or from was using or The of and are shown in The was for of gene expression data using and the PubMed Scopus Google and of for or in a using a in a 1 in was using a acid by to a membrane by using a and at with an in or an in a of an was was detected by was as an from mice for in with sucrose in and in for at and in for for 1 with with and with in for the at with an in of the GPR120 has been (11Cartoni C. Yasumatsu K. Ohkuri T. Shigemura N. Yoshida R. Godinot N. le Coutre J. Ninomiya Y. Damak S. Taste preference for fatty acids is mediated by GPR40 and GPR120.J. Neurosci. 2010; 30: 8376-8382Crossref PubMed Scopus (312) Google Scholar). for 1 at with a an in or an in This GLP-1 was J. M. and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like 2007; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). with a and with to the a In was the was are expressed as The of was with first that the data for and that and or A of was to the mechanisms by which GLP-1 affect sweet-taste behavior of and mice was using and a with data B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), of the gene to a in the attraction for sucrose in which known to This of in both not and expression of the for sweet-taste perception addition of a of or the for the sucrose solution in but was in mice that LCFAs may sweet-taste sensitivity the GLP-1 signaling is that the preference for the was to an of inasmuch as the of LCFA was not detected by mice it was in a solution This behavior is of in expression of for the gustatory lipid GPR120 and CD36 in mice gene not affect gene expression of CD36 and GPR120 in mouse tests in and mice subjected to a solution or a or CD36 and GPR120 by in from and to a of from CD36 and GPR120 protein by in from and A to a of from mice is GLP-1 has been found in a taste bud in B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, J. Expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 in the taste buds of rat circumvallate papillae.Acta Histochem. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), but the mechanisms to its secretion by gustatory papillae are not Because mouse express both GPR120 and that the activation of GPR120 by LCFA to GLP-1 secretion by as for entero-endocrine L (14Hirasawa A. Tsumaya K. Awaji T. Katsuma S. Adachi T. Yamada M. Sugimoto Y. Miyazaki S. Tsujimoto G. Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120.Nat. Med. 2005; 11: 90-94Crossref PubMed Scopus (1148) Google Scholar). In support of this GPR120 and GLP-1 found to in a of mouse taste from mouse was detected the GPR120 or the GLP-1 not The fact that CD36 was also found to with GPR120 in of raises the of a or indirect of lingual CD36 in the of for this sucrose tests in the or of in attraction for sucrose to of expression of the CD36 gene the role of GPR120 in the lipid-mediated activation of GLP-1 signaling in mouse for in an to GLP-1 and LCFA or This was identified by a GPR120 receptor with the as a and GPR120 in which is a of GPR120 in (14Hirasawa A. Tsumaya K. Awaji T. Katsuma S. Adachi T. Yamada M. Sugimoto Y. Miyazaki S. Tsujimoto G. Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120.Nat. Med. 2005; 11: 90-94Crossref PubMed Scopus (1148) Google Scholar), to a but significant in GLP-1 in in not Because GPR120 is thought to a receptor S. T. W. P. GPR120 is an fatty acid receptor and 2010; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), the of on GLP-1 secretion was with shown in addition of to a of the GLP-1 of addition of the specific GPR120 the effect, that GPR120 might for the of GLP-1 by the mouse and the GPR120 GLP-1 by mouse GLP-1 by in the of or with or to the GLP-1 by a of from GLP-1 by in the of or with or of the specific GPR120 to the GLP-1 by a of from GLP-1 signaling in mouse taste buds modulates sweet-taste sensitivity B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). whether a regulatory system was also involved in the oro-sensory detection of dietary lipids, and mice subjected to a of two-bottle preference tests using of known to both and mice unable to to of to However, mice to to mice that GLP-1 signaling also a role in the has been that GLP-1 in may on local in a B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). confirm that of the detection for lipids in the oral mice subjected to a using a to mice to quantities of but high for the solution with with a detection for fat in mice to data (3Laugerette F. Passilly-Degrace P. Patris B. Niot I. Febbraio M. Montmayeur J.P. Besnard P. CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions.J. Clin. Invest. 2005; 115: 3177-3184Crossref PubMed Scopus (501) Google Scholar, 7Sclafani A. Ackroff K. Abumrad N.A. CD36 gene deletion reduces fat preference and intake but not post-oral fat conditioning in mice.Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007; 293: R1823-R1832Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar, 8Martin C. Passilly-Degrace P. Gaillard D. Merlin J.F. Chevrot M. Besnard P. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e24014Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar), lingual CD36 a significant role in the spontaneous preference for fat Indeed, CD36 mice to quantities of in a textured in contrast to has recently been in mouse that CD36 is a receptor the downregulation during a might to for foods (8Martin C. Passilly-Degrace P. Gaillard D. Merlin J.F. Chevrot M. Besnard P. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e24014Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar). The of this physiological regulation remains Because GLP-1 the detection for lipids in oral it was to that CD36 expression in taste buds might by the GLP-1 signaling during the this mice a for and CD36 expression by in and mouse a in lingual CD36 protein found in By was detected in mice The of taste the the of the food it is to eating behavior preference or Taste buds not specifically for the taste but are also to gustatory perception in an or a This last probably to the is not A of physiological mechanisms gustation is to the is a it thought that a of this regulatory system might to in eating of taste bud and known to by including lipids, and involved in the regulation of food intake, as GLP-1. The of the receptor for GLP-1 in gustatory B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar) that this is might affect the in mouse taste with this it has been that GLP-1 signaling sweet-taste sensitivity B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). Because GLP-1 was found to with the sweet-taste receptor and in a of in mouse it was that are probably sweet B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). confirm that the of the gene the attraction for sucrose in the mouse. that it is not by in the expression of for sweet-taste including and taste transporter the receptor for or the receptor Therefore, to the involved also that attraction for the sucrose solution was by the of or the existence of an regulatory Such an has also been found in the rat and acids the to and in Senses. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). In this the LCFA was by the mouse it was during is consistent with the of Yoneda T. K. Mizushige T. S. A. Y. Tsuzuki S. Inoue K. Fushiki T. palatability of long-chain fatty acids from the behavior of Behav. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar) that mice are unable to LCFA or during short-term behavioral Therefore, the in of sweet taste may not to addition of sucrose and LCFA have found that impact of or was in the first that dietary lipids affect the perception of sucrose the GLP-1 signaling Because CD36 and GPR120 are lipid expressed in the gustatory in this regulation was A role of CD36 mice a attraction for as mice during short-term By are in of an of GPR120. GPR120 and GLP-1 are found to in of in mouse This observation with the fact that GPR120 (11Cartoni C. Yasumatsu K. Ohkuri T. Shigemura N. Yoshida R. Godinot N. le Coutre J. Ninomiya Y. Damak S. Taste preference for fatty acids is mediated by GPR40 and GPR120.J. Neurosci. 2010; 30: 8376-8382Crossref PubMed Scopus (312) Google Scholar, S. A. Mizushige T. N. Tsuzuki S. Inoue K. Fushiki T. of GPR120 with and in the taste bud in Lett. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar) and GLP-1 B. E. S. W. Drucker D.J. of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 PubMed Scopus Google Scholar) are expressed in in the mouse. using an the and of taste found that LCFAs to GLP-1 by mouse which is known to a of the GPR120 receptor (14Hirasawa A. Tsumaya K. Awaji T. Katsuma S. Adachi T. Yamada M. Sugimoto Y. Miyazaki S. Tsujimoto G. Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120.Nat. Med. 2005; 11: 90-94Crossref PubMed Scopus (1148) Google Scholar), to a GLP-1 of the specific GPR120 the secretion of GLP-1 mediated by Because GPR120, and GLP-1 are in the entero-endocrine L in the gut (14Hirasawa A. Tsumaya K. Awaji T. Katsuma S. Adachi T. Yamada M. Sugimoto Y. Miyazaki S. Tsujimoto G. Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120.Nat. Med. 2005; 11: 90-94Crossref PubMed Scopus (1148) Google Scholar), suggest that the activation of lingual GPR120 by LCFAs might the of GLP-1 by the attraction for This function for the of taste not a of GPR120 in the oro-sensory perception of dietary lipids, as by Damak and (11Cartoni C. Yasumatsu K. Ohkuri T. Shigemura N. Yoshida R. Godinot N. le Coutre J. Ninomiya Y. Damak S. Taste preference for fatty acids is mediated by GPR40 and GPR120.J. Neurosci. 2010; 30: 8376-8382Crossref PubMed Scopus (312) Google Scholar). Indeed, it is thought that the sensor a role in both sweet-taste perception and secretion S. M. Yasumatsu K. S. P. Ninomiya Y. of sweet and taste in the of taste receptor 2003; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, B. and in gut regulate secretion of glucagon-like N. Y. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). GLP-1 signaling also to involved in the oro-sensory perception of dietary of the gene to a significant of sensitivity to in two-bottle preference the preference for was in it was to in for this eating behavior in the oral Indeed, data and mice with a using a known to have recently that the CD36 protein in mouse is subjected to a short-term during food intake, to GPR120 (8Martin C. Passilly-Degrace P. Gaillard D. Merlin J.F. Chevrot M. Besnard P. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e24014Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar). is a very regulation on the of lipid in the the is to the of CD36 protein in a local regulation (8Martin C. Passilly-Degrace P. Gaillard D. Merlin J.F. Chevrot M. Besnard P. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e24014Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar). However, the demonstrate that GLP-1 signaling a significant role in this Indeed, in CD36 protein was in from to for this might a system during to dietary with this the downregulation of CD36 in to to affect the for fat during a high and to food intake (8Martin C. Passilly-Degrace P. Gaillard D. Merlin J.F. Chevrot M. Besnard P. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e24014Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar). Therefore, it is to that the attraction for fat found in mice is to a in the GLP-1 regulatory controlling CD36 protein in The existence of physiological oro-sensory perception of lipids, of and is gustatory sensitivity to and preference for foods has been in L. fat are with gustatory fatty acid N. Y. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). In to lipids to associated with fat intake, and C. M. C. sensitivity to fatty food and in human J. 2010; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). This might to lipid found in taste The fact that a common polymorphism to the of CD36 gene expression an attenuation of oro-sensory sensitivity for fat in (10Pepino M.Y. Love-Gregory L. Klein S. Abumrad N.A. The fatty acid translocase gene, CD36, and lingual lipase influence oral sensitivity to fat in obese subjects.J. Lipid Res. 2012; 53: 561-566Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (213) Google Scholar) is consistent with this have also shown oral fat sensitivity and attraction for sucrose in The of LCFAs to the in rat has been the first identified L. acid of in taste receptor gustatory for dietary J. Physiol. 1997; PubMed Google Scholar). Indeed, lipid-mediated to that triggered by sucrose the sweet-taste perception and acids the to and in Senses. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). data an the involvement of GLP-1 The physiological of mechanisms remains to In data support the existence of a LCFAs including GPR120, and the secretion of GLP-1 by mouse This system, of in the entero-endocrine L cells, modulates the sensitivity for and lipids, it to in a regulatory CD36. Because of CD36 protein in modulates the for fat during a (8Martin C. Passilly-Degrace P. Gaillard D. Merlin J.F. Chevrot M. Besnard P. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e24014Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar), this might play a significant role in the for Therefore, it is to that a of this regulatory might to an to A of the mechanisms for lipid sensing in the gustatory papillae and of physiological impact on eating behavior the of and for food intake and acid circumvallate papillae free fatty acid receptor 1 glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 receptor long-chain acid taste bud

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