Self-Employed Women: Policy Options That Promote Equality and Economic Opportunities
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Women form a sizable and growing proportion of the self-employed in Canada. Certain factors associated with female self-employment contribute to the financial vulnerability many self-employed women experience. Compared to self-employed men, self-employed women are more concentrated in the service industry, are more likely to work part-time hours and from their homes, are more likely to work on their own account (with no or very few employees) and are less likely to have their businesses incorporated. Their lower incomes, coupled with fluctuations in business markets, can place them in a precarious financial situation. Lack of access to Employment Insurance (EI) benefits in the event of personal illness, childbirth or adoption, or acute family caregiving situations, the high cost of private insurance, and difficulties securing small loans present additional and serious obstacles that affect self-employed women, their families and their businesses. In light of these circumstances, one major aim of the current study was to identify potential policy options to promote equality and economic opportunities for self-employed women, particularly during periods when their businesses are interrupted by ill health or family caregiving. We used a Policy Delphi approach to solicit opinions from two samples of self-employed women (including both higher and lower income earners), as well as from representatives of various other stakeholder groups (e.g., government, banks, insurance companies and professional associations). We examined both public and private approaches (i.e., changes to the current EI system, a tax-sheltered savings plan and private insurance) and concluded that changes in public policy and in private savings, financing approaches, insurance, and other services are required to serve two complementary functions: fulfill social protection needs and support for the business needs of self-employed women. Specific recommendations are made that would enable self-employed individuals to have broader social protection by extending EI special benefits to them, and enhanced flexibility to protect their business earnings through both private sector mechanisms and tax incentives.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,009 | 0,009 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,005 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,006 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».