Moderated Disanxiousuncertlibrium: Specifying the Moderating and Neuroaffective Determinants of Violation-Compensation Effects

abstraction , andthe subsequent iteration of the MMM incorporatedthis compensatory effort into our descriptive taxon-omy (Proulx & Heine, 2010). In later empirical work,we demonstrated that unrelated meaning violations,such as absurd art and mortality threats, increased astate need for simple structure (Proulx, Heine, & Vohs,2010)—as had previously been demonstrated follow-ing violations of personal control (Whitson & Galin-sky, 2008). We took these additional findings as furtherevidencethatdifferentviolationsarebestunderstoodinterms of expected associations, more generally, ratherthan as operating primarily in terms of a specified con-tent, whether it involves human mortality, surreal im-ages, or personal control (the latter account suggestedby Galinsky et al., this issue).Moreover, evidence that these violations bottleneckat a common arousal mechanism can be derived froma number of sources, including the “misattribution ofthe arousal” literature discussed in the target article:Compensation efforts following behavioral dissonance(Zanna & Cooper, 1974), visual anomalies (Proulx &Heine, 2008), and control violations (Kay, Moscov-itch, & Laurin, 2010) are all extinguished if peopleare able to attribute their arousal to a placebo pill, orif they are told that a placebo pill will render themimmune to arousal (Greenberg et al., 2003). More re-cently, Randles, Heine, and Santos (in press) demon-strated that compensatory affirmation following mor-tality reminders and surreal images was extinguishedif participants received an actual pain pill. In general, itappears that all of these violations bottleneck at someform of aversive arousal, with violation–compensationperspectives throughout the field of psychology posit-ing some mode of aversive arousal following the viola-tionagiven belieforgoal.What,then,isthissensation,and is it the same mode of arousal following any givenviolation? Is disequilibrium (Piaget, 1937/1954) thesame as behavioral dissonance (Festinger, 1957)? Isit the same as ideological dissonance (Jost, Pelham,Sheldon, & Sullivan, 2003)? What about its similarityto the “potential terror” that arises from a reminder ofour own mortality (Pyszczynski et al., 1999)?Until we are able to specify this arousal be-yond a kind of “brain phlogiston,” our literature will

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