Targeted Steam Injection Using Horizontal Wells With Limited Entry Perforations
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Limited-entry perforations have been used in vertical wells in both California and at Imperial Oil Resources' Cold Lake field as a method for distributing steam to different zones. The technology relies simply upon designing the number, size, and placement of the perforations so that critical or choked flow occurs across the perforations during steam injection, and steam exits the well with the desired distribution. This paper describes an experimental horizontal well where this same technology was used to replace ten vertical injection wells with a single horizontal well. The well was located between rows of vertical wells in a reservoir that had been subjected to more than ten years of operations under cyclic steam stimulation. The limited-entry perforations enabled steam to be targeted at the cold regions of the reservoir. A more typical completion such as a screened or slotted liner would not have provided any control over the placement of steam in the reservoir. The 1,000 m long liner was cemented in place with a completion design consisting of only 28, 9.5 mm diameter, perforations which were drilled through the casing and cement. The design injection rate for the well was 2,000 to 3,000 m3/day of 70 % quality steam. This paper presents an assessment of the performance of the well based on theoretical calculations, measured injection pressures and rates, and 3D seismic imaging. Introduction This paper presents the results from a pilot at Imperial Oil's Cold Lake field where a horizontal well with a unique completion design was employed as a dedicated steam injector. The well was completed with a liner that was cemented in place and perforated with only 28 limited-entry perforations, which served to distribute the injection of steam along the horizontal well. Limited entry perforations have been used extensively in vertical wells, in thermal operations in California, as a mechanism for distributing steam to several zones within a formation(1, 2). More recently limited entry perforations have been employed in at least one horizontal well in California(3). The term "limited-entry" implies that the size or area of the perforations has been specifically selected to limit the flow rate into a zone at a given injection pressure. This limit occurs because the velocity of the steam exiting the perforation is approaching the sonic velocity and is therefore choked or throttled. Generally, this results in a large reduction in the number and size of perforations relative to what is typically used for production purposes. For example, the pilot well described in this paper has a 1,000 m long liner section which was completed with only 28, 9.5 mm diameter perforations. The well was designed for injection of up to 3,000 m3/day of 70 % qualitysteam (cold water equivalent volume) with well pressures of 10 MPa. The specific application for this well design at Cold Lake is as a "follow-up process" where infill wells would be drilled amidst a regular pattern of vertical wells that had been operated for ten years under Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS).
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».