Scale-up Methods for Micellar Flooding and their Verification
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Design of micellar floods is largely based on laboratory experiments, which are usually unscaled. This paper describes scaling criteria for the process, derived from the basic flow equations, using Dimensional Analysis and Inspectional Analysis. The derivations are based on three-phase (oleic, emulsion, and aqueous), six-component (oil, water, surfactant, polymer, monovalent ion, and divalent ion) flow in a porous medium. The general scaling criteria were simplified for core floods, and verified by micellar floods in scaled models. Model and prototype were geometrically scaled Berea cores. Prototype performance was predicted using the model results and compared with the actual prototype results. Good agreement was obtained in most cases between the actual and predicted oil production histories, showing the validity of the scale-up. The scaling criteria derived can be used for designing a micellar flood. Implications of partial scaling are discussed for field applications. Introduction Micellar flooding process is one of the proven chemical recovery methods for the tertiary recovery of light oils. The process consists of injecting a micellar solution slug (5 - 10﹪ rock pore volume) and a polymer buffer (40 - 50﹪ pore volume), followed by continuous injection of water (drive water). Micellar solutions are surfactant stabilized oil-water micro-emulsions. Often, they also contain co-surfactants, such as alcohols, for viscosity control, and salts to improve solution properties. Micellar solutions are effective in increasing the Capillary Number, which is crucial for the mobilization and recovery of tertiary Oil(1). Polymer buffer, usually a dilute polymer solution (about 500 ppm), provides mobility control behind the displacement front so that most of the residual oil is mobilized and banked before the drive water dissipates the micellar slug. The process has been evaluated in thirty field tests(2) and was found to be technically successful, having a process efficiency (oil recovered-to-slug volume ratio) of three to four. Recently, Thomas et al.(3) showed that process efficiency can be improved to 12 - 15 through the use of multiple slugs and graded slugs instead of a single micellar slug. Economics of the process remain unattractive, mainly due to the cost of chemicals and the initial capital outlay in the development of the process for a particular field, as well as low oil prices (< $20/bbl). Chemicals that are better adapted to reservoir conditions, and laboratory studies representative of field conditions will improve the economic feasibility of the process. Laboratory results based on scaled model experiments will reduce the risk in extending them to field. Scaling criteria derived for the process were discussed in a previous paper(4). Mathematical Model The micellar flooding process can be described mathematically for simplified situations, e.g., considering the oil (o) to be one component, surfactant (s) another, and water (w), polymer (p), monovalent ions (m), and divalent ions (d) similarly single components. The concentration of a particular component in a given phase is expressed as a mass fraction Cphase, component. Diffusion and dispersion is assumed to occur in the case of surfactant (s), polymer (p), monovalent ions (m), and divalent ions (d). It is assumed that the coordinate axes are oriented in the direction of flow.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».