X80 line pipe for large-diameter high strength pipelines
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Résumé
This paper gives an overview on manufacturing and field welding of high-strength steel grade X80 line pipe. Aspects of the production of induction bends are also discussed. Large projects have already been implemented with satisfactory results. Manual combined-electrode welding and mechanised gas metal arc welding (GMAW) as field welding methods for pipeline construction are well-established. This is also true for welding consumables, which have been well-tuned to match the pipe material in strength. The pipe material X80 is suitable for unrestricted use in onshore applications. 1. Historical Review The ever increasing demand for energy world wide requires the construction of highpressure gas transmission lines with the greatest possible transport efficiency, so that the cost of pipeline construction and gas transportation is minimised. This is particularly true when large distances are to be covered. The trend is therefore towards using line pipe of larger diameter and/or increasing the operation pressure of the pipeline. This, in turn, necessitates the use of higher strength steel grades to avoid large wall thickness that would be otherwise needed. Also, in some long distance lines, where an increase of the capacity is not required, a reduction of wall thickness (no change of diameter and pressure) can be an economic incentive for applying X80 pipe. This is going to be more and more implemented in Australia using HFI (ERW) pipes and in Canada using spiral pipes of grade X80 (hot strip material from Steckel mill). The development started about 30 years ago along with the introduction of thermomechanical (TM) rolling practices, and will continue in future. It was mainly governed by the large-diameter pipe manufactures [1-5], due to the fact that TMtreatment (with or without accelerated cooling) can optimally be applied for plate only. Therefore, the availability of high strength hot strip material for manufacturing spiral and ERW pipes seems to be limited to grade X80. It is also limited with respect to the available maximum wall thickness (Fig. 1). Today it is possible to produce grade X100 (TM) line pipe from plate and lay it under field conditions, maintaining all safety-related criteria [6-7]. In the early 70s, grade StE 480.7 TM (X70) was introduced for the first time in Germany for the use as line pipe in construction of gas transmission pipelines. Since then, grade X70 material has proven a very reliable material in the implementation of numerous pipeline projects. The material has been optimised in the course of further
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
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Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
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