Good practices for biosecurity in the pig sector : issues and options in developing and transition countries
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Pig production systemsIn most countries, a variety of different pig production systems exist, from the simplest, with minimal investment, to large-scale market-oriented enterprises.This paper groups pig production systems into four categories, based on the size of herds, the production goals and husbandry management:scavenging pigs is the most basic traditional system of keeping pigs and the one most commonly reported in both urban and rural areas of developing countries.In this free-range system, pigs roam freely around the household and surrounding area, scavenging and feeding in the street, from garbage dumps or from neighbouring land or forests around villages.Few arrangements are made to provide the pigs with housing.Depending on the local situation, pigs may be free-ranging for most of the year and penned during the rainy season.They may be housed at night in a small shelter, to protect them against theft and predators.Keeping scavenging pigs requires minimal inputs and low investment of labour, with no or limited money invested in concentrated feed or vaccines.Small-scale confined pig production is common in developing and transition countries.Pigs are confined to a shelter, which can range from a simple pen made with local materials to more modern housing.The pigs are completely dependent on their keeper for feed, and receive tree branches, leaves, crop residues, agricultural by-products or prepared feed.Smallholders raise pigs for both subsistence and commercial reasons.Pork is supplied to local markets and to more distant urban markets, through a complex marketing and transport system.Within this system, the financial risks for the producer can be high and there is limited support from organizations and professional bodies for technical inputs or services such as insurance.large-scale confined pig production vary in size, but are generally significantly larger than farms in the previously described categories.Because consumers seek to purchase food at the lowest price, but the price of inputs is rising, the profit margin per pig is decreasing.Producers participating in global commodity pork markets must continually reduce the cost of production per pig to be profitable.Production can be on one site only or on several sites that are all part of the same structure.The major cost reduction measures that can be implemented when moving from small-scale to large-scale confined production are through increased farm size, specialization of farming activities, consolidation of the different steps of pig production, and adoption of an "all-in-all-out" production flow at each site, with implementation of some or even extensive biosecurity protocols.Large pig farms may be family-owned, affiliated to companies or corporately owned.large-scale outdoor pig production, animals are confined by fencing, but are mainly outdoors; there is therefore less need for investment in bricks and mortar facilities.These farms can brand and sell pork for higher prices, and will often have a larger portfolio of activities, including agro-tourism or hunting for example. BiosecurityIn this paper, biosecurity is defined as the implementation of measures that reduce the risk of disease agents being introduced and spread.It requires that people adopt a set of Formaldehyde Cidal Cidal Cidal Cidal Cidal
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Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
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Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».