A Simple Vista: Lexical Variation in Puerto Rico (with an Atlas)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
ABSTRACT. This study carries on the linguistic atlas tradition. It focuses on the vernacular Spanish of Puerto Rico. The methodology consists of an online image identifying survey with the purpose of mapping dialectal zones based on lexical variation. One hundred and ten surveys were collected and spatial distribution of the words' variants was mapped according to hometown and residence, resulting in patterns of free variation and diatopic diffusions. A general marked line showing the diatopic or geographical variation was found. It forms an isogloss dividing the territory in West and East, but patterns of swamping suggest that the boundaries are fading. In general, the maps show that the dialect geography in Puerto Rico is in flux. ********** One of the most obvious levels of dialect variation is the lexicon, or vocabulary of a language. (Wolfram and Schilling-Estes 2008: 64) 1. INTRODUCTION. Dialectologies, and sociolinguistics, have been studying how language changes and varies within and across geographical and social loci. The study of language variation dates back to the quest for the protolanguages, where tracing the evolution of words was essential to establish filial relations between languages. Formal dialect geography was developed in the late 19th century with Georg Wenker's postal survey. Pronunciation and lexical variation became a very popular subject, as attested by the proliferation of linguistic atlases in the 20th century; for example, Kurath's Linguistic Atlas of New England (published in 3 volumes, 1939-43) and the 1930 foundation of the Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada, LAUSC as well as the Atlas Linguistico de Iberoamerica, among others. (1) Linguistic atlas production is still in motion. There are Web-based surveys like the Harvard Dialect Survey (2011, now closed), the Linguistic Atlas Project, the webpage Great Soda vs. Pop Controversy, and the Atlas Linguistico de la Peninsula Iberica, which use the Internet alongside new technologies making the process of mapping spatial distributions a more attainable goal. Not all these projects are focused on lexical variation; some map other changes like pronunciation, but they all have in common the attestation of how dialects are changing. Lexical variation is one of the most glaring of the changes in motion within a language. The subject of this study is the lexical variation in the Spanish spoken on the island of Puerto Rico with the purpose of determining if the existence of dialectal zones in the territory can be identified. The study pays homage to the linguistic atlas tradition. 2. PUERTO RICO. 2.1. GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHICS. The island of Puerto Rico is the easternmost and smallest of the Antillas Menores. The total area of the territory is approximately 3.315 square miles, or 100 by 35 miles as Puerto Ricans describe it. According to the CIA World Factbook (2012), the population in the island of Puerto Rico is estimated to be 3.690.923. The population of Puerto Rico is distributed as seen on Map 1. Notice that the Area Metropolitana, with San Juan, the capital, at its center, is the darkest area at the northeast. To the south, Ponce is the most populated town, and Mayaguez is the most populated to the west. Age distribution among the population is: 0-14 years: 18.8%; 15-64 years: 65.4% and 65 years and over: 15.8%. Most of the population (99%) is considered urban, as reflected by the population density of the urban areas illustrated on Map1, and 94.1% of the population is literate (persons 15 years and older who can read and write). (2) 2.2. LANGUAGE SITUATION IN PUERTO RICO. Puerto Rico's language situation has been a topic of discussion for a long time. This was especially true between 1990 and 1993, when the island's official language was changed twice. Following is a list of main events related to language policy in Puerto Rico (3): 1900--The island is surrended to the United States military authority. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».