The labor market effects of immigration: evidence from the Canadian experience
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In an effort to improve the economic outcomes of immigrants, starting in the mid-1990s the Canadian government introduced regulatory amendments and new legislation that altered the skill composition of new cohorts entering the country. At the same time, the government significantly increased the level of immigration through expanding the Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW) program and landed immigrant entry streams. These policy changes focused on admitting applicants with the skills needed to adjust with long-run shifts in the labor market, while addressing short-term demand. By altering the Canadian immigration system, the government significantly altered the composition of the country's labor force. Immigrant cohorts entering under the new policy regime had a different composition of skills in comparison to earlier cohorts. By focusing on improving immigrant human capital, the Canadian government altered the skill distribution of the labor force. At the same time, increasing landed and temporary immigration levels shifted the short and long-run supply of labor. As a result, changing the composition and number of immigrants entering Canada influences the general labor market equilibrium of the country. This dissertation contributes to the immigration literature by examining the impact that changes to Canadian immigration policy between the mid-1990s and early 2000s had on immigrant and native-born employment outcomes. This research concentrates on the supply-side effects immigration has on labor market outcomes in Canada. In the first empirical chapter, I examine immigrant entry earnings following the major policy changes. Since policy changes varied between entry streams, I estimate the change in entry earnings for landed immigrants and temporary foreign workers, separately. I find that after an initial improvement in the earnings of both immigrant cohorts in the mid-1990s, policy changes in the early 2000s eliminated most of this improvement. In the second empirical chapter, I expand the existing immigration literature through an examination of the employment patterns of landed immigrants. Following the policy changes, I find that landed immigrants are more likely to experience periodic unemployment in comparison to native-born Canadians. I attribute the majority of this difference to weak language abilities and visible minority status. In the final empirical chapter, I analyze the effects of increasing levels of immigration on the existing Canadian workforce. I find that the effects of an immigrant supply shock are concentrated within specific skill groups and regional labor markets. Overall, the results in this dissertation support policy changes that focus on matching potential immigrants with employment opportunities prior to arrival in Canada.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,009 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,007 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,006 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».