Notice bibliographique
Résumé
More than ten million individuals are stateless in the twenty-first century. They live on every continent, yet not one country views them as full members. Without citizenship, they lack a legal claim to protection from the nations where they reside. When abroad, they lack diplomatic protection. In a world of nation states, they fall between the cracks. Lack of state protection, the defining characteristic of statelessness, is also the hallmark of refugees. Although refugees frequently possess the formal indicia of citizenship, they are forced to flee states that cannot or will not protect them. Refugees are often de facto stateless, seeking protection from other states and the international community. Statelessness and refugee law both overlap and diverge. Stateless individuals who fear persecution may qualify for refugee status. This article explores important intersections between statelessness and refugee law by asking when statelessness leads to a well-founded fear of persecution. It begins with a synopsis of the treaties concerning statelessness and refugee status to set forth the legal framework, and then sets the context by identifying major stateless populations and the principal mechanisms that result in statelessness. The article then turns to four recent judicial opinions in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, each of which provides a different perspective on circumstances in which statelessness constitutes persecution. Choudry v. Canada concerns an individual who was born into statelessness, which was compounded by his lack of proof of identity. S.T. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department and Haile v. Holder arose from government wartime decrees stripping groups of people of their citizenship. Stserba v. Holder stemmed from the dissolution of states, gaps in the subsequent citizenship laws, and a naturalization process imposing a language requirement on long-time inhabitants. All of the tribunals are sympathetic to the claimants’ contentions that their experiences of statelessness make them fear persecution. Yet, the courts are cautious, and the jurisprudence leaves many questions unanswered. There is a consensus that statelessness in itself does not constitute persecution, but that the withdrawal of citizenship from disfavored ethnic or religious minorities is presumptively persecutory. One court states that instances when the withdrawal of citizenship results in statelessness should be deemed persecution per se, obviating the applicant’s need to demonstrate that he or she suffered any serious harm in their daily life. This court does not distinguish between statelessness resulting from the gaps that may occur when states dissolve versus denationalization that may be decreed during civil war. Whether the mechanism causing statelessness should matter in the context of assessing persecution is an unanswered question. So, too, is the significance of imposing naturalization obligations, including a language requirement, on lifelong residents. The circumstances in which states can legitimately refuse to renew the travel documents of longtime residents or refuse to allow them to return are further points of contention. As current upheavals in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East have increased the numbers of stateless people in flight, there is an urgent need to develop a more comprehensive legal framework to ensure that international refugee law fully addresses the plight of stateless individuals who fear persecution.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».