ICT and Migration: A Conceptual Framework of ICT Use by Migrants
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
International migration has steadily increased to become a significant trend. ICT have had a major impact on it, giving rise to a new age of “connected migrants”. Drawing from the emerging field of ICT and migration, this paper explores the use of ICT by migrants. Based on a literature review, it presents a conceptual framework of ICT use by migrants throughout the migration process. The framework includes four main components, situated along two axes: the “host society – source society” and the “pre-migratory phase – post-migratory phase” axis. We conclude with some avenues for future research. ICT and migration research area International migration has steadily increased to become a significant trend in Western societies (Massez, Arango, Hugo, Kouaouci, Pelligrino & Taylor, 1993), stirring scientific interest. For example, Urry (2010) urges sociology to reframe its perspectives by moving from the “social as society” to the “social as mobility” (p. 348); which he calls “mobile sociology”, highlighting the attention that is given to migration, as a growing social trend. Currently, an estimated 215 million people are on the move (World Bank, 2011), for an 11 % rise on average from 2002 to 2007 (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD, 2010). ICT have certainly had a major impact on the entire process of mobility and migration (Codagnone & Kluzer, 2011). In his conceptual study, Kellerman (2011) concludes that all current mobilities are based on and dependent on ICT. Whence the emerging research on ICT and migration, it is recognized that ICT have had a major impact on migration trends by considerably diversifying and increasing migration opportunities (Codagnone & Kluzer, 2011; Hamel, 2009). ICT have also helped change our conception of migrants. According to Diminescu (2005), migrants have traditionally been perceived as uprooted individuals who must overcome a series of breaks with the past. However, the new image is that of connected individuals (the “connected migrants”) whose mobilities are parts of a continuum. This new perception is made possible by ICT, which allow us to develop an “inclusive cosmopolitan point of view ‘both here and there’, rather than an exclusive vision based on “neither... or’” (free translation, Nedelcu, 2009, p. 171). This contrasts with the view of the migrants as lacking, torn between two realities and never truly belonging to either one (Sayad, 1999). Although ICT and migration is a recent research area (Codagnone & Kluzer, 2011), it has generated growing interest (Borkert, Cingolani & Premazzi, 2009) and is an emerging research stream. A multidisciplinary topic, it involves a diverse mix of expertise, approaches and purposes. Some studies focus on defining, conceptualizing and delineating the field (e.g., Borkert, Cingolani & Premazzi, 2009; Diminescu, Jacomy & Renault, 2010). Our study belongs in this theoretical stream. Objective and methodology Our aim was to contribute to the collective reflection on ICT and migration by identifying ICT use by migrants. We drew our portrait of ICT and migration based on a literature review using the methodology proposed by Gall (2005) and Fraenkel and Wallen (2003). Thus, we began by formulating a research question for the literature review: How are ICT used by migrants throughout the migration process? We then determined key words: ICT + migrants/migration + uses. We searched for key words combinations in general online databases (e.g., Google, Google Scholar) and specialized websites on this question (e.g., section “State of the art” section of the
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».