Success in Rapidly Restoring Two Failing Oyster Industries: A Personal Account
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Practical and aggressive programs were developed and implemented that enhanced the productivity of two oyster industries, whose landings had been declining for many years. One industry was in Connecticut-New York, Long Island Sound, and the other was on Prince Edward Island (PEI), eastern Canada. Both industries were far smaller than they had been and were in a state of degradation. The programs featured identification of factors that limited oyster abundances on the beds, and then taking immediate steps to reduce their effects. They also featured using information and ideas from the oyster managers in Connecticut, and oystermen and public fisheries officials on PEI. The programs included observing the beds and oysters using scuba. The Connecticut beds received too few shells to collect seed oysters, and mortalities of seed were high. The oyster beds on PEI had been scarcely cultivated. The restoration program in Connecticut lasted for 5 y, 1966 to 1970, and on PEI was for 1 y, 1972 to 1973, but it continued afterward. The Connecticut oysters increased in abundance when oystermen effectively spread more shells to collect seed and reduced mortalities of the seed by controlling starfish Asterias forbesi (Desor, 1848), oyster drills Usosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822), and Eupleura caudata (Say, 1822), and ‘‘winter-kill.'' The Connecticut-New York landings rose from 62,000 bushels in 1965 to 348,000 bushels in 1975, an increase of 5.6-fold. On PEI, surveys found large quantities of oysters in nonharvested locations and also large deposits of fossil oyster shells. The island's first oyster-dredging boat was constructed to transplant oysters and shells to previously barren bottoms for oystermen to harvest. During the summer of 1973, a total of 53,000 bushels of oysters and shells were transplanted. Prince Edward Island oyster landings increased from 17,000 bushels in 1972 to 97,000 bushels in 2005, a 5.7- fold increase. Individual PEI oystermen did not increase their harvests substantially, but employment in the industry increased from about 200 to 500–700 men over that time. The two programs showed that oyster abundances and their landings can be raised rapidly in oyster industries under both private and public control by following their approaches that feature solving immediate production problems and using a holistic management approach.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,005 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».