¿Cuando Se Puede Denunciar a Abogados De Empresas Ante Autoridades Extranjeras Por Actos De Corrupcion? (When Can Corporate Lawyers Be Brought to Foreign Authorities for Acts of Corruption?)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This work discusses the possibility of applying anti-corruption laws of first-world countries to third world lawyers that, while representing domestic or transnational companies, commit acts of corruption in their home countries. In particular, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of the United States allows for the reporting of agents or employees of individuals or companies that commit acts of corruption outside of the United States borders. For example, such a law would apply to Peruvian lawyers that, while acting as agents, employees, directors or executives of said companies commit acts of corruption and would allow these lawyers to be brought before the courts of the United States. This work contends that despite their benefits and the recent sanction of a British lawyer Mr. Tesler, interest group opposition and the apathy of first and third world governments can drastically reduce the effectiveness of such anti-corruption laws. The Newmont case in Peru demonstrates the effectiveness of interest group pressure in curtailing investigations that are in accordance with FCPA provisions as well as the reluctance of governments to push investigations further despite strong evidence pointing to the involvement of employees and the company in acts of corruption. Newmont is the majority shareholder of Yanacocha and his case also illustrates how transnational companies can worsen the deterioration of domestic institutions and the ethical conduct of lawyers in the third world. This case suggests the need to include promises not to aggravate institutions and ethical practices in countries that are the recipients of foreign investment as part of foreign investors’ social responsibility. This article also argues that third world public interest groups and organizations can contribute to reducing the impact of interest group opposition and government apathy if they lodge complaints of corruption by lawyers directly before the Department of Justice and the US Securities and Exchange Commission. Public interest groups may also participate in investigations, victim compensation and the implementation of programs that promote ethical conduct by lawyers. This would contribute not only to improving the ethical conduct and social responsibility of lawyers and the strengthening of institutions in the third world, but also will ensure that countries of the first world do not contribute to worsening the deterioration of democracy and poverty in the third world, particularly in those countries in which their companies invest.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,008 | 0,025 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,007 | 0,013 |
| Communication savante | 0,009 | 0,008 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,006 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,008 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».